UNIX OS

DAY 1 Session - 1

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Classification: GE Internal

Session 1

Objectives
Identify the functions of an OS Differentiate between single-user & multi-user OS What is UNIX ?

History of UNIX
Features of Unix

DOS & UNIX

Identify the inception, growth, features and architectures of Unix
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Objectives (contd.)
Identify the various shell available in Unix Start a Unix session List the users who are currently logged in

Assign password to a Unix user using the passwd command

Ending a Unix Session: Logging out

Identify the features of Unix File System

List the contents of a directory using ls command
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Objectives (contd.)
Create a directory using mkdir command Delete a directory using rmdir command Copy a file using the cp command

Move a file using the mv command

Delete a file using the rm command

Use the man command to get online help

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Getting Started
OS

An OS is a software program that acts an interface between a user & a computer, e.g. Linux, Unix, MSDOS, etc.

Functions

of an OS

Command

Interpreter Process Management Memory Management I/O Operation & Peripheral Management File Management
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Getting Started (contd.)

Types

of System
Systems

Single-User

A single-user system was designed for use by1 person at a time. A PC is a popular single-user system.

Single

User OS

MS DOS is an example of a single-user OS.

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Getting Started (contd.)

Types

of System (contd.)
Systems

Multi-User

More than 1 user can work simultaneously on a multi-user system.

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Getting Started (contd.)

Types

of System(continued)
Systems

Multi-User

Linux, Unix & Windows NT/2K/2K3 are examples of a multi-user systems More than one user can connect to the system & work concurrently at any point of time.

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What is UNIX ?
UNIX

(or Unix) is a portable, multi-task and multi-user computer operating system originally developed by a group of AT&T Bell Labs employees including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy.

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History of UNIX

MULTICS was developed at MIT, AT&T Bell Labs, GE, in the 60s as on OS but was scrapped because of overheads. Ken Thompson took person interest an developed UNICS and wrote it in assembly UNICS was renamed to UNIX. Unix was re-written in 1973 in C Language for portability. History Of Unix

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Feature of Unix
user OS. Time Sharing Multi - tasking Device Independent All the resources are files. Hierarchical File System. Text processing is easy with Unix tools.
Multi
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UNIX OS Flavors
Unix Product Company/Organization

AIX
A/UX BSD-lite & BSD Dynix

IBM www-1.ibm.com/servers/aix
Apple University of California, Berkeley Sequent

HP-UX
Irix

Hewlett-Packard
Silicon Graphics

SCO
Solaris Unixware Ultrix
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Santa Cruz Operation owned by Novell

Sun Microsystems Novell Digital Equipment Corp (DEC)
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Linux OS Flavors
Distributors Name Website
Red Hat Caldera Mandrake www.redhat.com www.caldera.com www.linux-mandrake.com

Debian
Suse Slackware
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www.debian.org
www.suse.com www.slackware.com
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DOS & UNIX

DOS UNIX Multi-User Multi Tasking Time Sharing

Single User
Single Tasking Not a Time Sharing OS

CLI
Shell - command.com Kernel msdos.sys FAT Max Partition Size 2 GB Cost is very less
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CLI & GUI

Various types of shell Kernel differs from flavor to flavor Hierarchal Max Partition Size 16 TB (may change depending on flavours) High cost but unix like os are under GNU, hence are free.
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The Unix Architecture

The

Unix OS system consists of the following: Kernel Shell Utilities

& Application Programs

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Shell Available in Unix

Bourne Shell (path:/bin/sh) Bourne Again Shell (path:/bin/sh) C Shell (path:/bin/csh) Korn Shell (path:/bin/csh) Restricted Shell (path:/bin/rsh) Tcsh Shell (path:/bin/tcsh) A Shell (path:/bin/ash) Z Shell(path:/bin/rsh)
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Shell

The program that reads and interprets the command execute by the user is known as the shell. The booting & SU shell is Bourne Shell developed by Stephen Bourne for Unix OS. The booting & SU shell for Unix like OS is Bourne Again Shell. The C shell is developed by Bill Joe and is C like. Korn Shell developed by David Korn is a combination of Bourn & C Shell. The user prompt for Bourne Shell is $. The user prompt for C Shell is %. The user prompt for Korn Shell is $. The prompt for SU is #.
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Starting a Unix Session: Log On

Connect

to a computer running the Unix OS from any other computer using telnet program.
telnet hostname or IP Address

The

administrator assigns each user a HOME directory when a new logon account is created.

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Users Current Logged In

A

list of users who are currently logged in can be found by using the who command who [options]

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Passwords
Security for the Users: Passwords Unix provides an additional measure of security by allowing you to have a password associated with your login name The combination of the login name & password is checked by Unix to verify if it is an authorized user Changing the User Password Passwords can be changed using the passwd command The passwd command prompts for the old password to ensure that only authorizes user is trying to change it.
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Root user

The root user (also know as the super user) is the administrator of the Unix OS.

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Ending a Unix Session: Log out

Typing exit or logout or <Ctrl + D> at the command prompt ends current Unix session

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The Unix File System

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The Linux File System

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The Unix File System (Contd.)

The /bin directory stores many utilities of Unix The /dev directory stores all the device-related files for the system The /etc stores OS related data which the user & the OS needs to refer to, such as the passwd file. The /usr or /home (Linux) directory contains all the HOME directories of all the users in the system

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The Unix File System (Contd.)

The

/usr directory stores in Linux OS stores the OS files that are not part of the booting process The /var directory has the information specific to different utilities The /mnt directory stores the mountable devices

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Unix File Names

Can

be up to 256 character long Can contain special characters, except / Can contain both uppercase & lower case letters. Files are case sensitive Should not contain blank or tab

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Types of Files in Unix

File Types

Ordinary Files

Special Files

Direcory Files

Block Device File

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Character Device File

Hard Link

Symbolic Link
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Classification: GE Internal

Types of users in Unix

System Administrator/Super User

A System Administrator (SA/su) is primarily responsible for the smooth operation of the Unix OS.
The user who creates the file is said to be the owner. A group of users is also given a name, just as the user These are those users who do not belong to a particular group

File Owner

Group Owner

Other Users

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Directory commands in Unix

Identifying the Current Directory Path

The pwd (print working directory) command is used to display full path name of the current directory

Listing the contents of the directory

The ls command is used to display the names of the files and sub-directories in a directory The cd (change directory) command changes to the directory specified

Changing the Current Directory

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Directory commands in Unix

Creating
The

a Directory

mkdir (make directory) command is used to create directories. rmdir (remove directory) command removes the specified directory

Removing a Directory
The

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File commands in Unix

The cat (concatenate) command displays the contains of the specified file Copying the files

The cp (copy)command duplicates the contents of the source file in the target file
cp options source file target file

Removing the files

The rm (remove) command is used to delete the files or directories

rm options file/s

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File commands in Unix

Moving and Renaming the files

The mv (move) command is used to move a file or a directory from one location to another or to change its name mv option source destination
The more command is used to display the data one screen-full at a time. While viewing a file using more command, once the user scrolls down, he cant move up.
more options filename

Displaying the contents Page-Wise

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File commands in Unix

Displaying
The

the contents Page-Wise(contd.)

less command is similar to more command except that the user can scroll upwards also while viewing the file.
less options filename

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Wild Characters

The shell offers the facility to perform an operation on a set of files by the use of certain special characters in the command in place of the actual filenames The * wild card is interpreted as a string of none, one or more characters The ? wild card matches exactly one or more occurrence of any character The [ ] wild card can be used to restrict the characters to be matched
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Get Online Help

The

man command is used to get online help to a user about the various options for any command in Unix.
man command

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Miscellaneous Commands
Command bc cal clear date echo Description Basic Calculator Calendar To clear the screen To display system date & time To display a string

tty
type uname

Terminal type
To display whether the command is built-in or not Name of the System

unit
wc who who am i

To find units
The count of lines, words & characters in the file To display the number of user logged in to the OS If the user wants to know who is he logged in as

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Summary
In this Session : An a OS has the following functions:

Command Interpreter Process Management Memory Management I/O Operation& Peripheral Management File Management

A single-user is designed to be used by one person at a time More than one user can work simultaneously on a multi-user system
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Summary(contd.)
What

is UNIX? History of UNIX? Feature of UNIX Unix Flavors Linux Flavors DOS & UNIX

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Summary(contd.)

The Unix OS consist of the kernel, shell, utilities and application programs Some of the commonly available shells are:

Bourne Shell C Shell Korn Shell Restricted Shell Bash Shell Tcsh Shell A Shell Z Shell
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Summary(contd.)

The telnet command is used to connect to a Unix server The passwd command is used to change the password of the user. For organizing the data on the disk, Unix provides a file system which allows the user to group files in a convenient manner. The Unix file system has a hierarchal structure & files can be stored under directories
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Summary(contd.)

There are 3 categories of files :

Ordinary files Directory files Special files System Administrator (SA/su) File Owner Group Owner Other user

The types of user are :

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Summary(contd.)
Some

of the common directory commands:-

pwd cd mkdir rmdir ls

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Summary(contd.)
Some

of the common file commands:-

cat cp mv rm more less

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Summary(contd.)

The shell offers a facility to perform an operation on a set of files by using the wild card pattern. The most common wild cards:

? Matches one character in a file name * Matches zero, one or more than one character in a file name [ ] Matches one character from the enclosed list

The man command is used to get online help to a user about various options for any command. Miscellaneous Commands
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Recall
RECALL

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Assignments
Assignment

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END of SESSION -1

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Classification: GE Internal

Session 1