PRESENTED BY GOUTAM DEY ME-09-03 0901230003

In an engine , when the fuel remaining after normal combustion ignites explosively by high pressure and temperature produced from normal combustion ,rather than spark from spark plug , it causes knocking or detonation.

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main driver for knock is ignition timing. As the ignition is advanced - the spark is fired earlier in the engine operating cycle - the pressure and temperature during the combustion event become higher, thus making knock more likely. Usage of fuel with low octane rating Poor design of engine and due to their own structural problem

 There are two ways to meet the demand of

1.

2.

modern high-performance engines for fuels of high octane numbers. The first one is to produce artificial petrol that are rich in branched-chain alkanes. Another method is to add an anti-knock agent to petrol. The most commonly added compound is tetraethyl lead [(CH3CH2)4Pb]. When burned, this lead compound produces small particles of lead oxide which tend to combine with the free radicals produced in the chain reaction of combustion. This slows down the reaction and makes it smoother.

If the shockwaves created due to knocking have enough intensity and/or over a long enough period of time , these shockwaves and excessive pressure and temperature can cause engine damage. Erosion and pitting of the piston and/or cylinder liners ,resulting in small wear particles which may enter the engine lubrication/oil system ,plug the catalysts, and/or possibly block valves from closing completely.

Now a days the scenario of fuel production & utilization has been undergoing a tremendous change .The utility of fossil fuels has been increasing at a very high rate .
In addition to this even the flue gasses obtained by these fuels create lots of damage to the ecosystem. So we need to start a serious search for the alternatives to the existing fuels

So we need to focus on Green fuels .

The fuels that are likely to serve our purpose are : (1) Electric (2) Hybrid (3) Natural gas (4) Hydrogen (5) Fuel cells (6) clean diesel (low sulfur) (7) Biodiesel (B100) (8) Ethanol (E85.)

ADVANTAGES :The advantages of an electric ran vehicle can be summed up in four words PLUG IN AND GO ". Being that they are operated purely on battery, they give out no emissions or other toxins.

DISADVANTAGES:Unlike a gas engine, it takes a lot longer to charge an electric car and it can be a hassle when making long road trips. if your car stalls from a low battery it is harder to transport electric, than a gallon of gas. In addition, the price of electric fueled vehicles is quite expensive.

ADVANTAGES :It burns clean as well as releases 70% less carbon dioxide than fossil fuel. It has high octane number.

DISADVANTAGES : Low engine volumetric efficiency. Need for large pressurized fuel storage tank.

Hydrogen or water powered vehicles, even though they are not yet on the market , hypothetically there would be many advantages. ADVANTAGES : Emissions would be close to none, which is beneficial to our environment. Everyone would be able to afford to fuel their vehicle DISADVANTAGES : It require a heavy , bulky fuel storage both in vehicle and at the service stations.

E85 or ethanol is a mixture consisting of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.

ADVANTAGES :E85 emits less air pollutants than traditional gasoline, also it is resistant to engine fuel mixture detonation or in laymen, engine knock. E85 is also not as expensive compared to gasoline.

DISADVANTAGES :Only certain cars can run this fuel, such as flex-fuel cars, trucks, SUVs. In addition, not every gas station carries E85, as well as your vehicle will have lower gas mileage. It is muck more corrosive than gasoline.

 Wikipedia.com Biodiesel. (2008), from Fuel Economy. Gov Website: www.fueleconomy.gov E85. (2008),from Fueleconomy.gov Website: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/ethanol.shtml Explore Fuel Cells. (2007), from New Mexico Solar Energy Association Website: www.nmsea.org Freedom, O. (2009, March). Water Powered Car: The Benefits and Disadvantages from CarPoweredWater.Blogspot.com Wissler, A. J. (2009). Advantages of Electric Cars. from LoveToKnow : GreenLiving Website: http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Advantages_of_the_Electric_ Car