Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Date of Publication: January 12, 1998 Latest Revision Date: May 1, 1999
GM
DIMENSIONAL ENGINEERING
Based on the ASME Y14.5M1994 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Standard
as amended by the GM Global Addendum-1997
GM
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the author and publisher.
Seminar Agenda
Objectives Dimensional Engineering Concept ASME Y14.5M-1994 and GM Global Addendum Video - Introduction to GD&T The Language of GD&T Why Use GD&T ? Engineering Drawings - General Review Basic Rules and Definitions Datum Function & Datum Reference Frames Datum Planes, Features and Simulators
Course Objectives
Develop an awareness of Dimensional Engineering concepts and explain how the techniques are used to understand, control, and help reduce variation in the overall vehicle build process. Introduction to the Build Tolerance Procedure. Provide an overview of the Variation Simulation Modeling (VSM) process and how it is used to predict variation in the vehicle. Provide an introduction to Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T), the ASME Y14.5M-1994 Standard including the GM Global Addendum and how the concepts, symbols and terms of GD&T are used in the engineering process.
Dimensional Engineering is a sub-process within the overall vehicle development cycle, key to achieving robust designs and controlling product definition.
The concept starts with bubble-up and continues through the entire Four Phase Vehicle Development Process. The Team Concept is an integral part of the GMTG Dimensional Engineering approach.
What is GD&T?
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing is an international graphic engineering language designed to allow designers and engineers to say exactly what they mean on engineering drawings. The concepts, symbols and mathematical structure of GD&T provide a precise and logical way to describe the manufacturing tolerance zones that are applied to individual features or groups of features on parts or assemblies.
CHARACTERISTIC
SYMBOL
Straightness
For Individual Features Form Flatness Circularity (roundness) Cylindricity For Individual or Related Features Profile of a Line Profile Profile of a Surface Angularity Orientation Perpendicularity Parallelism For Related Features Position
Location
Concentricity
Symmetry Circular Runout
* *
SYMBOL
M
L
**
s
F P
**
* *
R CR A *
234.5 ST
Controlled Radius
Datum Feature Symbol Basic Dimension (or Angle) Statistical Tolerance Symbol
1 A BC
Tolerance Value Tertiary Primary Geometric Datum Datum Characteristic Symbol Secondary Datum
Each feature control frame contains information identifying a specific feature characteristic to be controlled (geometric characteristic symbol),the limits of error or variation allowed for that characteristic (tolerance value), the point(s) or surfaces from which the characteristic is to be measured (datum reference frame), and the theoretical shape of the tolerance zone that applies (diameter symbol and material condition modifiers). Feature control frame are the basic building blocks of the GD&T language. The ability to accurately interpret the feature control frame is fundamental to understanding other GD&T concepts.
Diameter Symbol
1M A BM C
As required, additional symbols are used along with the basic feature control frame to identify specific geometric or dimensional requirements. The above example shows a diameter symbol and two maximum material condition (MMC) symbols that have been added to precisely describe the feature requirements. The diameter symbol describes the cylindrical shape of the feature tolerance zone while the maximum material condition symbols indicate both the feature and secondary datum material condition in which the stated tolerance applies.
To Maximize Producibility
Parts designed using GD&T methods have maximized producibility because all available manufacturing tolerance has been included.
To Improve Productivity
Using functional tolerancing techniques improves productivity by reducing the potential for the rejection of functional parts.
Functional Performance
Properly applied GD&T assures assembly, interchangeability, and functional performance of all mating details.
Clear Communication
Effective GD&T identifies important dimensional relationships and offers clear communication of functional design requirements.
Uniform Interpretation
Uniform, consistent interpretation of design requirements saves time and money by avoiding errors and controversies resulting from misconceptions and misunderstandings.
Limits of Size
Unless otherwise specified, the limits of size of a feature prescribe the extent within which variations of geometric form as well as size are allowed. This control applies solely to individual features of size. (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 2.7)
Rule #1
Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the limits of size of an individual feature prescribe the extent to which variations in its geometric form as well as size are allowed.
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 2.7.1)
Rule #2
Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) applies, with respect to the individual tolerance, datum reference or both, where no modifying symbol is specified. Maximum Material Condition (MMC) or Least Material Condition (LMC) must be specified on the drawing where it is required
(ASME Y14.5-1994, 2.8a)
Notes:
The default condition described by Rule #2 applies only to drawings using the ASME Y14.5M-1994 standard. Any drawing using an earlier standard will have a different default condition. Circular runout, total runout, concentricity, and symmetry can only be applied on an RFS basis and cannot be modified to MMC or LMC.
Definition
Maximum Material Condition
The condition in which a feature of size contains the maximum amount of material within the stated limits of size -- for example, minimum hole diameter or maximum shaft diameter
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.20)
M
WHEN THE PART WEIGHS THE MOST!
The Maximum Material Condition symbol can be used as a tolerance modifier and/or a datum modifier for internal or external features of size. When the MMC symbol is applied as a tolerance modifier, the specified tolerance value applies when the feature is at its extreme limit of size (min hole, max shaft). When the MMC symbol is applied as a datum modifier, the datum is the axis or center plane of the datum feature at its virtual size.
MMC Size =
12
14.95 14.90
MMC Size =
14.95
MMC Size =
11.75
15 0
+0.1
MMC Size = 15
Definition
Least Material Condition
The condition in which a feature of size contains the least amount of material within the stated limits of size -- for example, maximum hole diameter or minimum shaft diameter
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.19)
L
WHEN THE PART WEIGHS THE LEAST!
The Least Material Condition symbol can also be used as a tolerance modifier and/or a datum modifier for internal or external features of size. When the LMC symbol is applied as a tolerance modifier, the specified tolerance value applies when the feature is at its extreme limit of size (max hole, min shaft). When the LMC symbol is applied as a datum modifier, the datum is the axis or center plane of the datum feature at its LMC size.
LMC Size =
11.5
14.95 14.90
LMC Size =
14.9
LMC Size =
12
15 +0.1 0
Definition
Regardless of Feature Size
The term used to indicate that a geometric tolerance or datum reference applies at any increment of size of the feature within its size tolerance. (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.22)
* S
*
The RFS symbol is no longer required to indicate regardless of feature size conditions for features subject to variations in size (See rule #2 ASME Y14.5M-1994). It is applicable only on drawings using earlier standards.
Definition
Free State Condition
The term used to indicate that a geometric tolerance or datum reference applies in its FREE STATE or unrestrained condition.
(The use of the free state symbol as a datum condition modifier is valid only when the datum default condition is restrained.)
F
When applied to geometric tolerances, the free state symbol indicates that individual or related feature tolerance(s) must be verified with the part in an unrestrained or unclamped condition. When used as a datum modifier, only those datum feature(s) specifically identified as free state (including rests and assists) shall be unrestrained or unclamped when verifying individual or related feature tolerance(s).
Definition
Dimensions, Features and Tolerances
Dimension
A numeric value expressed in appropriate units of measure and used to define the size, location, geometric characteristic, or surface texture of a part or part feature. (ASME Y14.5-1994, 1.3.8)
Feature
The general term applied to a physical portion of a part, such as a surface, pin, tab, hole or slot. (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.12)
Feature of size
One cylindrical or spherical surface, or set of two opposed elements or opposed parallel surfaces associated with a size dimension. (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.17)
Tolerance
The total amount a specific dimension is permitted to vary. The tolerance is the difference between the maximum and minimum limits. (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.31)
Tolerance-Bilateral
A tolerance in which variation is permitted in both directions from the specified dimension. (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.32)
Tolerance-Unilateral
A tolerance in which variation is permitted in one direction from the specified dimension. (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.34)
Definition
Basic Dimension
A numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact size, profile, orientation or location of a feature or datum target. It is the basis from which permissible variations are established by tolerances on other dimensions, in notes or in feature control frames.
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.9)
234.5
30 24
Definition
Datums, Datum Targets, Datum Features and Simulators
Datum
A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived from the true geometric counterpart of a specified datum feature. A datum is the origin from which the location or geometric characteristics of features of a part are established.
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.3)
Datum Feature
An actual feature of a part that is used to establish a datum. (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.4)
Datum Target
A specified point, line, or area on a part used to establish a datum. (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.7)
Definition
Virtual Condition
A constant boundary generated by the collective effects of a size features specified MMC or LMC material condition and the geometric tolerance for that material condition.
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.37)
The calculated virtual condition boundary for a feature is used to determine the worst case inner or outer boundary for that feature. The virtual condition values are used to evaluate assembly requirements for mating parts and to establish sizes for functional gaging elements.
Z
XX
XX
As Shown on Drawing
Calculating Virtual Condition 14.5 MMC Size of Feature (Minimum Size) 1 Applicable Geometric Tolerance 13.5 Virtual Condition Boundary
THE VIRTUAL CONDITION BOUNDARY OF AN INTERNAL FEATURE, SUCH AS A HOLE, REPRESENTS THE LARGEST PERFECTLY LOCATED PIN THAT WILL FIT INTO THE SMALLEST DIAMETER HOLE (MMC) AT THE EXTREME GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE LIMIT.
N
XX
XX
As Shown on Drawing
1 Positional Tolerance Zone at MMC
Calculating Virtual Condition 12.5 MMC Size of Feature (Maximum Size) 1 Applicable Geometric Tolerance 13.5 Virtual Condition Boundary
THE VIRTUAL CONDITION BOUNDARY OF AN EXTERNAL FEATURE, SUCH AS A PIN, REPRESENTS THE SMALLEST PERFECTLY LOCATED HOLE THAT WILL ACCEPT THE LARGEST DIAMETER PIN (MMC) AT THE EXTREME GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE LIMIT.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Tight tolerances ensure high quality and performance. The use of GD&T improves productivity. Size tolerances control both orientation and position. Unless otherwise specified size tolerances control form. A material modifier symbol is not required for RFS. A material modifier symbol is not required for MMC.
7.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Internal Features
10.75 +0.25/- 0 23.45 +0.05/- 0.25 123. 50 +/- 0.1 .895 .890
MMC
LMC
External Features
10.75 +0/- 0.25 23.45 +0.05/- 0.25 123. 50 +/- 0.1 .890 .885
MMC
LMC
Blank Page
Repeatable
Datum Features Must Be Dimensionally Stable Datum Features Must Provide Secure, Repeatable Orientation and Immobilization of a Part or Assembly as Required Datums Planes Should Be Independent to Avoid Sensitivity
Coordinated
Datum Reference Frame Establishes a Common Basis for Control and Measurement During All Process Phases of: Manufacture Inspection Assembly Datum Features Must Be Common and Coordinated With: Stamping Detail Gages Assembly Tooling Assembly Gages
Y Axis Z Axis
Rotational
Linear
X Axis
Linear
X Axis
Rotational
Y Axis
Rotational
Z Axis
Linear
90 o
90 o
90 o
PART PART
Fixed
FIRST DATUM PLANE
PRIMARY DATUM
SECOND DATUM PLANE THIRD DATUM PLANE
PART PART
PART PART
Fixed
Fixed
SECONDARY DATUM
TERTIARY DATUM
Fixed
Free
Free
Fixed
PART PART PART
Free
PRIMARY DATUM
Fixed
SECOND DATUM PLANE
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed Free
SECONDARY DATUM
Fixed Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed Fixed
TERTIARY DATUM
Datum Feature
(Actual Surface on Part)
Part
(Workpiece)
Datum Plane
Simulated Datum
(Surface on Gage or Fixture Locator)
AB
A
Base (triangle) may be filled or not filled
AB
A1
Optional methods of specifying shape and size of gaging element (Datum Target Area)
25
25
A1
Shape of gaging element (where applicable)
A1
Target area size (where applicable)
12
A1
May be filled or not filled
10 X 20
A1
Datum Targets
12 A1 PARTIAL SURFACE CONTACT
15
PART
15
DATUM BLOCK
12 A1
15
PART
15
DATUM BLOCK
Datum Targets
A1
120
A1
PART
LOCATING PIN
Datum Target Line
Datum Targets
A1
120 A1 25
Datum Targets
A 50
Datum Quiz
Questions #1-12 True or False
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Datum target areas are theoretically exact. Datum features are imaginary. Primary datums have only three points of contact. The 6 Degrees of Freedom are U/D, F/A, & C/C. Datum simulators are part of the gage or tool. Datum simulators are used to represent datums.
7.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Datum Quiz
Questions #1-10 Fill in blanks (choose from below)
1. The three planes that make up a basic datum reference frame are called _______, _________, and ________. 2. An unrestrained part will exhibit _________and __________
degrees of freedom.
3. A planar primary datum plane will restrain _________ and __________ degrees of freedom. 4. The primary and secondary datum planes together will restrain ___
degrees of freedom.
5. The primary, secondary and tertiary datum planes together will restrain all ___ degrees of freedom. 6. The purpose of a datum reference frame is to ________ ________ of a part in a gage or tool. 7. A datum must be __________, __________, and ___________. 8. A ______ _______ is an actual feature on a part. 9. A ______ is a theoretically exact point, axis or plane. 10. A _____ ________ is a precise surface used to establish a
simulated datum.
restrain movement five coordinated repeatable tertiary two 3-rotational primary 2-rotational three functional one datum simulator 1-linear datum feature datum secondary 3-linear six
A C
B
2.5 A-B C M D M
2.5 A-B C M D M
Multiple Datum Features (Primary)
A B
C 0.5
M
A B
5X M14X1-6H 0.5 M P 20 A B
A
M
* Projected tolerance zones lie entirely outside the boundary of the part feature
0.5
M P
20 A B M
1 ABC
1 ABC
All Around Symbol
X X
1ABC Y
Between Symbol
Feature Control Frame with Free State Symbol (Used as a Tolerance Zone Modifier)
A1
A2
CM
C B
A4 D1 A3
0.5
A-D
Feature Control Frame with Free State Symbol (Used as a Datum Condition Modifier)
A1
A2
ABM CM
C B
A4 A3
2.5
ST
A B M CM
Feature Control Frame w/ Symbol Indicating the Tolerance was Statistically Determined
2.5 A B C 0.5 A B
Two Single Segment Profile Control Frames
2.5 A B C 0.5 A B
One Composite Profile Control Frame
1.5 0.2
M
M
A B C A B
1.5 0.2
M
M
A B C A B
Feature Location & Orientation to Datum features A, B & C Feature Form Refinement Only (No Datum Reference)
Feature Location, Form & Orientation to Datum features A, B & C Feature Location, Form & Orientation to Datum features A, B & C
When two single-segment feature control frames are applied to an individual feature, the two segments cannot contain identical datum references. In this case, the larger of the two tolerances is redundant and does not apply.
Feature Location & Orientation to Datum features A, B & C Feature Form Refinement Only (No Datum Reference)
Feature Location Only to Datum features A,B & C Feature Form & Orientation to Datum feature A only
2.5 A B C 0.5 A B
Feature Form & Orientation Reference
Feature Location Only to Datum features A,B & C Feature Form & Orientation to Datum features A, B & C (when Datum B is a surface)
2.5 A B C 0.5 A B C
Feature Location Only to Datum features A,B & C Feature Form & Orientation to Datum features A, B & C (when Datum B is an axis)
When a composite feature control frame is applied to an individual feature, the two segments can contain identical datum references. In this case, each tolerance is applied to a different component of the composite requirement.
1.5 A B C 0.2
Feature Location, Orientation & Feature-to-feature relationship to Datum features A, B & C Coaxial Refinement Only (No Datum Reference)
1.5 A B C 0.2 A
1.5 A B C 0.2 A B 1.5 A B C 0.2 A B C
Feature Location & Orientation to Datum features B & C Feature-to-feature relationship & Orientation refinement to Datum feature A
Feature Location & Feature-to-feature relationship to Datum feature C only Feature Location, Orientation & Feature-to-feature relationship to Datum features A & B Feature Location, Orientation & Feature-to-feature relationship to Datum features A, B & C Feature Location, Orientation & Feature-to-feature relationship to Datum features A, B & C
When two single-segment feature control frames are applied to an individual feature, the two segments cannot contain identical datum references. In this case, the larger of the two tolerances is redundant and does not apply.
Pattern Location, Orientation & Feature-to-feature relationship to Datum features A, B & C Coaxial Refinement Only (No Datum Reference)
Pattern Location & Orientation to Datum features B & C Pattern Orientation & Feature-to-feature relationship to Datum feature A
1.5 A B C 0.2 A B
Feature Relating Tolerance Zone Framework (FRTZF)
Pattern Location Only to Datum features A, B & C Pattern Orientation & Feature-to-feature relationship to Datum features A, B & C (when Datum B is a surface)
1.5 A B C 0.2 A B C
Pattern Location Only to Datum features A, B & C Pattern Orientation and Feature-tofeature relationship to Datum features A, B & C (when Datum B is an axis)
When a composite feature control frame is applied to an individual feature, the two segments can contain identical datum references. In this case, each tolerance is applied to a different component of the composite requirement.
Diameter Symbol
1M A B C
Geometric Characteristic Symbol Tolerance Secondary Datum
0.5
Datum Feature Symbol
20 A B M
Material Modifier (Datum)
0.5 0.2
M M
A B C A B
Pattern Locating Tolerance Zone Framework (PLTZF) Feature Relating Tolerance Zone Framework (FRTZF)
2.5 A B C 0.5 A B
Feature Profile Form/Orientation Tolerance
Notes
E N D
Seminar Agenda
Objectives Dimensional Engineering Concept ASME Y14.5M-1994 and GM Global Addendum Video - Introduction to GD&T The Language of GD&T Why Use GD&T ? Engineering Drawings - General Review Basic Rules and Definitions Datum Function & Datum Reference Frames Datum Planes, Features and Simulators
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Tight tolerances ensure high quality and performance. The use of GD&T improves productivity. Size tolerances control both orientation and position. Unless otherwise specified size tolerances control form. A material modifier symbol is not required for RFS. A material modifier symbol is not required for MMC.
FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
7.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Internal Features
10.75 +0.25/-0 23.45 +0.05/-0.25 123. 50 +/-0.1 0.895 0.890
MMC
LMC
10.75
11
23.20
123.40 0.890
MMC
23.50
123.60 0.895
LMC
External Features
10.75 +0/-0.25 23.45 +0.05/-0.25 123. 50 +/-0.1 0.890 0.885
Datum Quiz
Questions #1-12 True or False
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Datum target areas are theoretically exact. Datum features are imaginary. Primary datums have only three points of contact. The 6 Degrees of Freedom are U/D, F/A, & C/C. Datum simulators are part of the gage or tool. Datum simulators are used to represent datums.
FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE
7.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Datum Quiz
Questions #1-10 Fill in blanks (choose from below)
4. The primary and secondary datum planes together will restrain five degrees
of freedom.
7. A datum must be functional, repeatable, and coordinated. 8. A datum feature is an actual feature on a part. 9. A datum is a theoretically exact point, axis or plane. 10. A datum simulator is a precise surface used to establish a
simulated datum.
restrain movement five coordinated repeatable tertiary two 3-rotational primary 2-rotational three functional one datum simulator 1-linear datum feature datum secondary 3-linear six