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Overview
1. 2. 3. 4. Electromagnetic frequency bands Popular frequency bands Various propagation modes Ionospheric layers/regions
surface of the Earth with zero or small angle with the surface of the earth. Waves are Guided by conducting surface of the earth, along which they are propagated. -dominant mode of propagation in the MF(medium Frequency)band (0.3-3 MHZ)(below 2 MHz)
-all medium wave broadcast ,telephone communication eg.AM broadcasting and marine radio broadcasting
Line of Sight (Ground wave or Direct Wave) is propagation of waves travelling in a straight line from transmitter to receiver. The waves that are deviated or reflected by obstructions and cannot travel over the horizon or behind obstacles. Frequencies in VHF band ,UHF band and higher frequencies are dominant in LOS propagation. Eg. terrestrial (TV)communication system, FM
Space Waves: travel directly from an antenna to another without reflection on the ground. Occurs when both antennas are within line of sight of each another. most space waves bend near the ground and follow practically a curved path. Antennas must display a very low angle of emission in order that all the power is radiated in direction of the horizon instead of escaping in the sky. A high gain and horizontally polarized antenna is thus highly recommended. Most common of the radio propagation modes at VHF UHF and higher frequencies band .Frequency above 30 MHZ are propagated by means of Space wave Sky Wave (Skip/ Hop/ Ionospheric Wave) is the propagation of radio waves bent (refracted) back to the Earth's surface by the ionosphere. Dominant mode of propagation between 2 MHz and 30 MHz i.e. up to HF band. Long distance coverage is obtained by reflecting the waves at the ionosphere and earths boundaries.
A frequently occurring problem with electromagnetic wave propagation via sky wave in HF frequency range is signal multipath. Signal multipath may occur when the signal arrives at the receiver via multiple propagation path at different delays. In addition to these propagation modes discussed it is possible to have ionospheric scatter propagation occurs over frequency range 30 to 60 MHz when the radio frequency signals is scattered because of irregularities in refractive index of the lower ionosphere. Similarly tropospheric scatter propagation can propagate radio frequency signals that are in the range of 40MHz to 4GHz over the path of several miles