LED

LIGHT EMITTING DIODES

 Led

is a semiconductor diode which emits

light in a forward biased condition. Leds play a indispensible role in many electronic and electrical devices . Leds are used in indicator lamps and many devices for lightening purpose

HISTORY
Russian

Oleg Vladimirovich Losev reported on the creation of a first LED in 1927. The first practical visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak is seen as the "father of the light-emitting diode". T.P. Pearsall created the first high-brightness, high efficiency LEDs for optical fiber telecommunications by inventing new semiconductor materials specifically adapted to optical fiber transmission wavelengths.

PHYSICS
The

LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with impurities to create a p-n junction. Charge-carriers electrons and holes flow into the junction and recombination takes place. Electrons in the conduction band of N region fall into holes lying in the valance band of P region.

Then the diffrence of energybetween the conduction band and valance band is radiated in the form of light energy.

INSIDE THE LED

OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
Typical

indicator LEDs are designed to operate with no more than 3060 mW of electrical power. Typical operating currents for these devices begin at 350 mA. The highest efficiency high-power white LED is claimed by Philips Lumileds Lighting Co. with a luminous efficacy of 115 lm/W at 350 mA. White LEDs quickly matched and overtook the efficiency of standard incandescent lighting system

COLOURS AND MATERIALS

Leds

are of many colours made from different inorganic semi conductor materials. Gallium arsenide (GaAs ), Gallium(III) phosphide (GaP) , Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), Indium gallium nitride (InGaN), Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP), Gallium(III) nitride (GaN).

TYPES
Main types are
MINIATURE
MID-RANGE HIGH

POWER

MINIATURE
They are usually simple in design, not requiring any separate cooling body. current ratings ranges from around 1

mA to above 20 mA. they come in various-sizes from 2 mm to 8 mm

MEDIUM POWER LED

They

have the diode mounted to four leads two cathode leads, two anode leads for better heat conduction and carry an integrated lens.

These LEDs are most commonly used in light panels, emergency lighting and automotive tail-lights
Due

to the larger amount of metal in the LED, they are able to handle higher currents (around 100 mA). Medium power LEDs are used when an output of a few lumen is needed.

HIGH POWER LED

One HPLED can often replace an incandescent bulb in a torch, or be set in an array to form a powerful LED lamp. LEDs have been developed by Seoul Semiconductor that can operate on AC power without the need for a DC converter For each half cycle, part of the LED emits light and part is dark, and this is reversed during the next half cycle.

 high-power LED technology is already being used in hand-held dental curing devices, as well as state-of-the-art skin cancer therapy systems, due to the highly controllable LED emissions wavelengths.
The

effiacy of high power LED is typically 40 lm/wt.

ADVANTAGES
Efficiency: LEDs emit more light per watt

than incandescent light bulbs. color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using any color filters as traditional lighting methods need. Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light. On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will achieve full brightness in under a microsecond.

Size: LEDs can be very small smaller than 2 mm2 are easily populated onto printed circuit boards.
Slow

failure: LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt failure of incandescent bulbs. Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs which are fragile. Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete failure may be longer.

DISADVANTAGES
High

initial price: LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen, on an initial capital cost basis, than most conventional lighting technologies. Electrical polarity: Unlike incandescent light bulbs, which illuminate regardless of the electrical polarity, LEDs will only light with correct electrical polarity. Temperature dependence: LED performance largely depends on the ambient temperature of the operating environment. Over-driving an LED in high ambient temperatures may result in

 LEDs used outdoors, such as traffic signals or in-pavement signal lights, and that are utilized in climates where the temperature within the luminaire gets very hot, could result in low signal intensities or even failure. LED light output actually rises at colder temperatures . Consequently, LED technology may be a good replacement in uses such as supermarket freezer lighting and will last longer than other technologies.

APPLICATIONS
Status

indicator in variety of equipment. Red or yellow leds are used in indicator displays where night vision must be retained like aircraft cockpit,submarine and ship bridges.

 Thin, lightweight message displays are used at airports and railway stations, and as destination displays for trains, buses, trams, and ferries. Remote controls, such as for TVs and VCRs, often use infrared LEDs. In optical fiber and Free Space Optics communications The lack of IR or heat radiation makes LEDs ideal for stage lights using banks of RGB LEDs that can easily change color

Because of their long life and fast switching times leds are being used in brake lights for cars,trucks and buses.
Leds

are used in aquarium lightening,traffic signal lights and also in digital displays. LEDs used as a replacement for incandescent light bulbs and fluorescent lamps are known as solid-state lighting (SSL) - packaged as a cluster of white LEDs grouped together to form a light source

LED (Light Emitting Diode) TVs are basically LCD TVs that use a LED backlight system to illuminate the LCD screen. There are two methods to accomplish this:
1)led edge lighting: in this method lights are placed around the perimeter only which slimmers tv design.

LED Backlight (Array lit): In this method, LED lights are placed in the form of an array (across the whole back of the display). Any of the lights can be turned off to correspond with the scene being displayed, When the light disperses, it produces uniform color on the screen.

THANQYOU
M.DIMPLE 10100724