NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Spinal Cord

Brain

Autonomic Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

serves the sense organs and skeletal organs and skeletal muscles

Autonomic Nervous System

controls the smooth muscles and glands

First, they require a specialized surface that is sensitive to some stimuli in the environment. Second, they require a nervous system capable of carrying messages from the receptors to the third element the muscles or the glands. Muscles or glands are referred to as effectors.

The Neuron is the basic conducting unit of the nervous system.

Peripheral parts:
Dendrites Cell Body

Axon

DENDRITES - are tubelike structures messages toward the cell body

that

carry

AXON - carries structures that carry messages away from the cell body to other neurons MYELIN SHEATH - increases the speed of transmission and conserves the metabolic energy of the cell

Three types of neurons:

1. Afferent/Sensory Neurons transmit messages from the sense organs to the central nervous system.
2. Efferent/Motor Neurons carry messages from the central nervous system to the motor organs. 3. Association Neurons which generally are found within the CNS, transmit messages from one association neuron to another or serves as connectors between afferent and efferent neurons.

Neurons do not touch one another. Rather, the axon of a neuron is separated from the dendrites of one another neuron by a gap called the synapse.

Reflex
- is an unlearned automatic body response to a stimulus. - often serve a protective function and may involve neurons in the spinal cord as links between sensory and motor neurons.

Three major subdivisions in the brain:

1.

Cerebral Cortex Subcortical Structures

2.

3.

Cerebellum

1. Cerebral Cortex
comprises the outside layers of the brain Corpus Callosum Left Hemisphere

Right Hemisphere

Four Lobes: 1. Frontal 2. Temporal 3. Occipital 4. Parietal

Four Lobes: 1. Frontal 2. Temporal 3. Occipital 4. Parietal

If the corpus callosum is severed, as it sometimes is in a last effort to control epilepsy, some unusual results are obtained.

Epilepsy is a disorder in which a massive electrical discharge from one hemisphere spreads to the other hemisphere and causes convulsion.

When the corpus callosum is cut, the individual has two independent thinking centers because the most important communication link between the hemisphere is no longer present.

Look at the chart and say the color not the word YELLOW BLUE GREEN ORANGE

BLACK
PURPLE

RED
RED

YELLOW

ORANGE GREEN BLACK

BLUE RED PURPLE GREEN BLUE ORANGE Your right brain tries to say the color but your left brain insists on reading the word.

The Four Lobes:

1. Frontal Lobes controls the motor activities or the body movement If damaged: an absence of coordination may result (cerebral palsy) 2. Temporal Lobes concern with hearing Damage in left hemisphere inability to understand spoken words. If in the right can recognize speech but unable to recognize other organizations of sounds.

3.

Occipital Lobes visual abilities Damage in the right hemisphere loss of vision in the left. If in the left loss vision in the right.

4. Parietal Lobes sense of touch If left hemisphere is damage may lose ability to read/ write and difficulty of knowing the parts of the body.
If right hemisphere : difficulty of recognizing the left part of the body.

2. Subcortical Structures
- are found below the cerebral cortex.

The pons and the medulla are located near the spinal cord.
Pons serves as a bridge connecting various parts of the brain. Medulla plays a key role in vital functions such as breathing and blood circulation.

Thalamus is a relay station that processes untreated sensory messages and routes the in the appropriate areas of the cortex.

Hypothalamus it is responsible for the bodys response to overheating by dilating the blood vessels near the surface of the body and activating sweat glands and panting behavior.

Reticular Activating System (RAS) controls the state of alertness of the organism. Mild electrical stimulation of one part of the RAS will result in sleep, while stimulation of another part will produce and aroused state.

3. Cerebellum
is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, such as those involve in walking and swimming.

Cerebral Cortex higher order mental processes

Homeostasis

Subcortical Structures regulate and maintain the organisms internal environment

Homeostasis
Important body functions such as temperature control, pulse rate, and blood pressure are usually maintained in a more or less constant state, but when the equilibrium of the body is upset, homeostatic mechanisms restore the equilibrium.

The physical health and functioning of the body affects the brain. This is especially true of the endocrine glands, which releases their chemical substances, hormones, directly into the bloodstream.

The hormonal balance is very important.

Peripheral Nervous System

lies outside the central nervous system

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

- serves the sense organs and skeletal muscles.

Autonomic Nervous System

regulates such inner organs of the body as the heart, stomach, and glands

Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System

- is activated under emotional situations and increases the heart rate and blood pressure, stimulates sweat glands, and prepares the individual for a challenge.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

- it decreases heart rate and blood pressure and allows for normal digestion.