Animal Diversity

ANIMAL DIVERSITY
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Animalia Basic Characteristics Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Ingestive (heterotrophic)
Reproduced sexually and asexually

Motile Invertebrate vs vertebrates
Invertebrate
Are animals that lack a backbone
Account for 95% of known animal species
Exploring invertebrate diversity Major Phyla

1. Porifera- sponges 2. Cnidarian jellyfishes, sea anemones and their kin, and Hydra 3. Platyhelminthes-Turbellaria ( Planaria), Trematoda (liver and blood flukes); Cestoda (tapeworms) 4. Annelida- earthworm 5. Mollusca6. Arthropods7. Nematoda 8. Echinodermata 9. Chordata
Phylum Porifera
Live in both fresh and marine waters Lack true tissues and organs
Most sponges are hermaphrodites

each individual functions as both male and female Sponges are suspension feeders Capturing food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body
Phylum Cnidaria
Have diversified into a wide range of both sessile (polyp) and floating (medusa) forms includes jellies, corals, sea anemones and hydras A single opening= functions as both mouth and anus
Cnidarians are carnivores

That use tentacles to capture prey
The tentacles are armed with cnidocytes

Unique cells that function in defense and the capture of prey Prey
Tentacle
Trigger Discharge Of thread
Nematocyst
Coiled thread
Cnidocyte
Four major classes

Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa
(b)jellies
(a)
. The largest scyphozoans have tentacles more than 100 m long dangling from a bellshaped body up to 2 m in diameter.
c) The sea wasp (Chironex fleckeri). Its poison, which can subdue fish and other large prey, is more potent than cobra venom.
d) Sea anemones exist only as polyps.
Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats Are flattened dorsoventrally and have a gastrovascular cavity
Major classes 1) Turbellaria - Planaria, free-living forms, mostly marine and carnivorous , has two eyespots (ex. Dugesia) 2) Trematoda - liver and blood flukes parasitic 3) Cestoda - tapeworms parasitic,
Assignment: Give the common name and class
1.Planaria 2. Fasciola hepatica
3.Schistosoma japonicum 4. Taenia solium 5.Dipylidium caninum

Note: Will be included in the quiz.
Turbellarian Turbellarians
Are nearly all free-living and mostly marine
The best-known turbellarians, commonly called planarians

Have light-sensitive eyespots and centralized nerve nets
Pharynx. The mouth is at the tip of a muscular pharynx that extends from the animals ventral side. Digestive juices are spilled onto prey, and the pharynx sucks small pieces of food into the gastrovascular cavity, where digestion continues. Digestion is completed within the cells lining the gastrovascular cavity, which has three branches, each with fine subbranches that provide an extensive surface area. Undigested wastes are egested through the mouth.
Gastrovascular cavity
Eyespots
Ganglia. Located at the anterior end of the worm, near the main sources of sensory input, is a pair of ganglia, dense clusters of nerve cells.
Ventral nerve cords. From the ganglia, a pair of ventral nerve cords runs the length of the body.
Trematodes
parasitize humans Spend part of their lives in snail hosts
A pair of adult worms of the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni; the more slender female worm resides in the gynecophoral canal of the male
Tapeworm Tapeworms
Are also parasitic and lack a digestive system
Proglottids with reproductive structures

200 m
Scolex
Hooks Sucker
Rotifers Rotifers, phylum Rotifera

Are tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil
Nemerteans Members of phylum Nemertea

Are commonly called proboscis worms or ribbon worms
Figure 33.15
Phylum Mollusca
have a muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle Includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids Most are marine; some inhabit fresh water and some are terrestrial are soft-bodied and protected by a hard shell Most have separate sexes with gonads located in the visceral mass The life cycle includes a ciliated larval stage called a trochophore
4 major classes
Class Polyplacophora : Chitons

Oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates
Gastropods About three-quarters of all living species of molluscs

Slugs lack a shell Or have a reduced shell
(a) A land snail
(b) A sea slug. Nudibranchs, or sea slugs, lost their shell during their evolution.
The most distinctive characteristic of this class

Is a developmental process known as torsion, which causes the animals anus and mantle to end up above its head Stomach
Mantle cavity Anus Intestine
Mouth
Figure 33.19
Class Bivalvia: Bivalves

Include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops Have a shell divided into two halves
Class Cephalopoda: Cephalopods includes squids and octopuses

Carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot
(b) Squids
(a) Octopuses.
(c) Chambered nautiluses
Phylum Annelida
Phylum Annelida: 3 classes
Oligochaetes Oligochaetes (class Oligochaeta)

Are named for their relatively sparse chaetae, or bristles made of chitin Include the earthworms and a variety of aquatic species
Class Polychaeta: Polychaetes

Possess paddlelike parapodia that function as gills and aid in locomotion
Parapodia
Class Hirudinea: Leeches

Are blood-sucking parasites, such as leeches
Phylum Nematoda: roundworms Nematodes are nonsegmented covered by a tough cuticle Among the most widespread of all animals, nematodes, or roundworms
Are found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in the body fluids and tissues of animals
Phylum Nematoda: nematodes The cylindrical bodies are covered by a tough coat called a cuticle Some species- important parasites of plants and animals
25 m
Ex. Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichura
Phylum Arthropoda: arthropods are segmented ; have an exoskeleton and jointed appendages
Are found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere
The diversity and success of arthropods

Are largely related to their segmentation, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages
Early arthropods, such as trilobites`
The body of an arthropod

Is completely covered by the cuticle, an exoskeleton made of chitin
When an arthropod grows

It molts its exoskeleton in a process called ecdysis
Molecular evidence now suggests

That living arthropods consist of four major lineages that diverged early in the evolution of the phylum
subphylum Cheliceriformes : Cheliceriforms

Are named for clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae Include spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs
Most of the marine cheliceriforms are extinct

But some species survive today, including the horseshoe crabs
Figure 33.30
Class arachnida: spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites Most modern cheliceriforms are arachnids
50 m
(a) Scorpions have pedipalps that are pincers (b) Dust mites are ubiquitous scavengers in (c) Web-building spiders are generally most active during the daytime. specialized for defense and the capture of human dwellings but are harmless except food. The tip of the tail bears a poisonous to those people who are allergic to them stinger. (colorized SEM).
Subphylum Myriapoda: Myriapods Class Diplopoda: Millipedes class Chilopoda Centipedes,
Have a large number of legs Each trunk segment has two pairs of legs
Are carnivores with jaw-like mandibles Have one pair of legs per trunk segment
Subphylum Hexapoda: Insects and relatives (

Live in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh water Class insecta (insects) are classified into about 26 orders
ORDER Blattodea Coleoptera Dermaptera Diptera Hemiptera Hymenoptera Isoptera Lepidoptera Odonata Orthoptera
cockroach beetle Earwig Flies; Horsefly True bugs, cicadas, planthoppers, leafhoppers Wasp, bees, ants termites Moth and butterflies Dragonflies/damselfies Grasshoppers, crickets, locust
ORDER
Phthiraptera
Siphonaptera Thysanura Phasmida
Human Body louse Flea Silverfish
Walking stick
Crustaceans While arachnids and insects thrive on land

Crustaceans, for the most part, have remained in marine and freshwater environments
Crustaceans, subphylum Crustacea

Typically have biramous, branched, appendages that are extensively specialized for feeding and locomotion
Class decapoda: decapods=large crustaceans

And include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp
(a) Ghost crabs (genus Ocypode) live on sandy ocean beaches worldwide. Primarily nocturnal, they take shelter in burrows during the day.
Barnacles are a group of mostly sessile crustaceans

Whose cuticle is hardened into a shell
Figure 33.38c
(c) The jointed appendages projecting from the shells of these barnacles capture organisms and organic particles suspended in the water.
Phylum Echinodermata: echinoderms Includes sea and other echinoderms,

May seem to have little in common with phylum Chordata, which includes the vertebrates
Living echinoderms are divided into six classes
Class Asteroidea: Sea Stars Sea stars, class Asteroidea

Have multiple arms radiating from a central disk
(a) A sea star (class Asteroidea)

Class Ophiuroidea : Brittle Stars Brittle stars have a distinct central disk
And long, flexible arms
(b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea)

Class Echinoidea: Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars have no arms

But they do have five rows of tube feet that function in movement
(c) A sea urchin (class Echinoidea)

Class Crinoidea: Feather star Feather stars

Crawl about using their long, flexible arms
(d) A feather star (class Crinoidea)
Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers Sea cucumbers

Upon first inspection do not look much like other echinoderms Lack spines, and their endoskeleton is much reduced
(e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea)

Class Concentricycloidea: Sea Daisies Sea daisies were discovered in 1986

And only three species are known in the genus Xyloplax : X. janetae, X. medusiformis X. turneae
(f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)

Chordates Chordates
Phylum Chordata
Consists of two subphyla of invertebrates
Three major Subphyla Urochordata (tunicates), Cephalochordata (cephalochordates) and
Vertebrata (vertebrates)= Craniata

Only the vertebrates possess a vertebral column or backbone which replaces the notochord in adult form. The vertebrate subphylum is sometimes referred to as "Craniata", as all members do possess a cranium or braincase.
Classes of Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha ::jawless fishes such as lamprey and hagfish Class Chondrichthyes:: cartilaginous fishes such as shark and stingray Class Osteichthyes:: bony fishes such as milkfish and seahorse
Subphylum Vertebrata: classes Class Amphibia (amphibians such frogs, salamanders, caecilians); Class Reptilia (reptiles such as lizard, snake and crocodile); Class Aves (birds such as eagle, penguin and ostrich); and Class Mammalia (mammals such as kangaroo, bats, whale, carabao and monkey).
The end
A summary of animal phyla
Table 33.7
Read: Trematodes that parasitize humans

Spend part of their lives in snail hosts
1 Mature flukes live in the blood vessels of the human intestine. A female fluke fits into a groove running the length of the larger males body, as shown in the light micrograph at right. Male
Female
5 These larvae penetrate the skin and blood vessels of humans working in irrigated fields contaminated with infected human feces.
1 mm 2 Blood flukes reproduce sexually in the human host. The fertilized eggs exit the host in feces.
3 The eggs develop in water into ciliated larvae. These larvae infect snails, the intermediate hosts. 4 Asexual reproduction within a snail results in another type of motile larva, which escapes from the snail host.
Snail host
ORDER
Blattodea
4,000
APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
EXAMPLES
Cockroaches have a dorsoventrally flattened body, with legs modified for rapid running. Forewings, when present, are leathery, whereas hind wings are fanlike. Fewer than 40 cockroach species live in houses; the rest exploit habitats ranging from tropical forest floors to caves and deserts.
German
cockroach
Japanese beetle
Coleoptera
350,000
Beetles comprise the most species-rich order of insects. They have two pairs of wings, one of which is thick and leathery, the other membranous. They have an armored exoskeleton and mouthparts adapted for biting and chewing. Beetles undergo complete metamorphosis.
Dermaptera
1,200
Earwigs are generally nocturnal scavengers. While some species are wingless, others have two pairs of wings, one of which is thick and leathery, the other membranous. Earwigs have biting mouthparts and large posterior pincers. They undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
Earwig
Diptera
151,000 Dipterans have one pair of wings; the second pair has become modified into balancing organs called halteres. Their head is large and mobile; their mouthparts are adapted for sucking, piercing, or lapping. Dipterans undergo complete metamorphosis. Flies and mosquitoes are among the best-known dipterans, which live as scavengers, predators, and parasites.
Horsefly
Hemiptera
85,000
Hemipterans are so-called true bugs, including bed bugs, assassin bugs, and chinch bugs. (Insects in other orders are sometimes erroneously called bugs.) Hemipterans have two pairs of wings, one pair partly leathery, the other membranous. They have piercing or sucking mouthparts and undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
Hymenoptera
125,000
Ants, bees, and wasps are generally highly social insects. They have two pairs of membranous wings, a mobile head, and chewing or sucking mouthparts. The females of many species have a posterior stinging organ. Hymenopterans undergo complete metamorphosis.
LeafFooted bug Cicada-killer wasp
Isoptera
2,000
Termites are widespread social insects that produce enormous colonies. It has been estimated that there are 700 kg of termites for every person on Earth! Some termites have two pairs of membranous wings, while others are wingless. They feed on wood with the aid of microbial symbionts carried in specialized chambers in their hindgut.
Termite
ORDER
APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
EXAMPLE
Lepidoptera
5,000
120,000
Butterflies and moths are among the best-known insects. They have two pairs of wings covered with tiny scales. To feed, they uncoil a long proboscis. Most feed on nectar, but some species feed on other substances, including animal blood or tears.
Swallowtail
butterfly
Odonata
Orthoptera
13,000
Dragonflies and damselflies have two pairs of large, membranous wings. They have an elongated abdomen, large, compound eyes, and chewing mouthparts. They undergo incomplete metamorphosis and are active predators.
Grasshoppers, crickets, and their relatives are mostly herbivorous. They have large hind legs adapted for jumping, two pairs of wings (one leathery, one membranous), and biting or chewing mouthparts. Males commonly make courtship sounds by rubbing together body parts, such as a ridge on their hind leg. Orthopterans undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
Dragonfly
Katydid
Phasmida
2,400
2,600
Stick insects and leaf insects are exquisite mimics of plants. The eggs of some species even mimic seeds of the plants on which the Insects live. Their body is cylindrical or flattened dorsoventrally. They lack forewings but have fanlike hind wings. Their mouthparts are adapted for biting or chewing.
Stick
insect
Phthiraptera
Siphonaptera
2,400
Commonly called sucking lice, these insects spend their entire life as an ectoparasite feeding on the hair or feathers of a single host. Their legs, equipped with clawlike tarsi, are adapted for clinging to their hosts. They lack wings and have reduced eyes. Sucking lice undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
Fleas are bloodsucking ectoparasites on birds and mammals. Their body is wingless and laterally compressed. Their legs are modified for clinging to their hosts and for long-distance jumping. They undergo complete metamorphosis.
Human Body louse
Thysanura
7,100
450
Silverfish are small, wingless insects with a flattened body and reduced eyes. They live in leaf litter or under bark. They can also infest buildings, where they can become pests.
Flea Silverfish
Trichoptera
The larvae of caddisflies live in streams, where they make houses from sand grains, wood fragments, or other material held together by silk. Adults have two pairs of hairy wings and chewing or lapping mouthparts. They undergo complete metamorphosis.
Caddisfly
Mollusks include animals such as:

solenogasters, deep-sea worm-like creatures (Class Aplacophora);
clams, oysters, scallops, mussels (Class Bivalvia); squid, octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish (Class Cephalopoda); nudibranchs, snails, slugs, limpets, sea hares and relatives (Class Gastropoda); deep-sea limpet-like creatures (Class Monoplacophora);
chitons (Class Polyplacophora);
tusk shells (Class Scaphopoda).

Animal Diversity - Bio104

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Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Animalia Basic Characteristics Eukaryotic

Reproduced sexually and asexually

Are animals that lack a backbone

Account for 95% of known animal species

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Exploring invertebrate diversity Major Phyla

Most sponges are hermaphrodites

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cnidarians are carnivores

The tentacles are armed with cnidocytes

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Four major classes

d) Sea anemones exist only as polyps.

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Assignment: Give the common name and class

1.Planaria 2. Fasciola hepatica

3.Schistosoma japonicum 4. Taenia solium 5.Dipylidium caninum

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The best-known turbellarians, commonly called planarians

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Proglottids with reproductive structures

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Rotifers Rotifers, phylum Rotifera

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nemerteans Members of phylum Nemertea

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Class Polyplacophora : Chitons

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gastropods About three-quarters of all living species of molluscs

(a) A land snail

The most distinctive characteristic of this class

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Class Bivalvia: Bivalves

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Class Cephalopoda: Cephalopods includes squids and octopuses

(c) Chambered nautiluses

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Phylum Annelida: 3 classes

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Oligochaetes Oligochaetes (class Oligochaeta)

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Class Polychaeta: Polychaetes

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Class Hirudinea: Leeches

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Ex. Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichura

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The diversity and success of arthropods

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Early arthropods, such as trilobites`

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The body of an arthropod

When an arthropod grows