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Ms. Pragati Deb Sr. Assistant Professor EEE Department ABES Engineering College
System means:
A system is an arrangement of physical components connected or related in such a manner so as to form an entire unit to attain a certain objective.
Control system
Input
The input is the stimulus, excitation or command applied to a control system. Typically from external energy source, usually in order to produce a specified response from the control system.
Control Systems
Output
The output is the actual response obtained from a control system.
It may or may not be equal to specified response implied by the input.
Control Systems
Control
The word control is usually taken to mean : - regulate,
- direct,
- command.
Control Systems
Control system
A control system is an arrangement of physical components connected or related in such a manner as to command, direct, or regulate itself or another system to achieve a certain objective.
A control system is an interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired system response.
Control Systems
Closed Loop
Must have feedback Must have sensor on output Almost always negative feedback
Control Systems
Open-loop control
A system in which the control action is totally independent of the output of the system is called as open loop system. OR An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device to control the process directly without using feedback.
A common example of an open-loop control system is a traffic l signal; washing machine; electric toaster in the kitchen.
Control Systems
Closed-loop control
A system in which the control action is some how dependent on the output of the system then the system is said to be closed loop system. or A closed-loop control system uses a measurement of the output and feedback of this signal to compare it with the desired output.
Control Systems
Control Systems
Example: A person steering an automobile by looking at the autos location on the road and making the appropriate adjustments.
Control Systems
Control Systems
Goal: Regulate the level of fluid by adjusting the output valve. The input is a reference level of fluid and is memorized by operator. The power amplifier is the operator. The sensor is visual. Operator compares the actual level with the desired level and opens or closes the valve ( actuator).
Intelligent Control 17
Intelligent Control
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Feedback
Feedback is that property of the system which permits the output to be compared with the reference input so that appropriate control action is formed.
Control Systems
Control Systems
Control Systems
Transfer Function
The relationship between input and output of a system is given by the transfer function.
Definition: The ratio of the Laplace transform of the output to the Laplace transform of the input under the assumption of zero initial conditions is defined as the transfer function of the given system.
Control Systems
U1 ( s) G1 ( s) Y1 ( s)
Control Systems
The gain of a single-loop negative feedback system is given by the forward gain divided by the sum of 1 plus the loop gain
Control Systems
Control Systems
Derivation contd.
Ea(s) = R(s) - B(s) = R(s) - H(s) Y(s) Y(s) = G(s) Ea(s) Ea(s) = R(s) - H(s) G(s) Ea(s) Ea(s) [ 1 + G(s) H(s) ] = R(s)
Ea(s)= R(s) /(1 + G(s) H(s)) Y(s) = R(s) G(s)/(1 + G(s) H(s)) Ea(s)= R(s) /(1 + G(s) H(s))
Control Systems
Block Diagram
It represents the mathematical relationships between the elements of the system.
U1 ( s ) G1 ( s ) Y ( s ) 1
The transfer function of each component is placed in box, and the input-output relationships between components are indicated by lines and arrows.
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Y2 ( s ) G1G2 U1( s )
Y(s) G1 G2 U(s)
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Transfer function
Y( s ) G1 R( s ) 1 G1G2
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Example 1
Y( s ) T( s ) R( s ) 2s 4 s2 T( s ) 2s 4 1 2 s 2s 4 T( s ) 2 s 2s 4
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Example 2
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Example 2 contd.
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Example 2 contd.
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Example 2 contd.
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Example 2 contd.
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Example 2 contd.
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Example 2 contd.
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