DESIGN & OPTIMIZATION OF 800 KV TRANSMISSION LINE

Gopal Ji AGM (Engineering TL Dept.) Power Grid Corporation of India limited Gurgaon, India

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A TRANSMISSION LINE

Conductor Towers (and Foundations) Earthwire Insulators ] Insulator Hardware Fittings ] strings Accessories

BASIC DESIGN ASPECTS

Electrical Design Aspects Power Flow / Line Loadability Electrical Clearances (Operational, safety) Corona & Interference Insulation Requirements Mechanical Design Aspects External (Dynamic) loads due to wind, ice etc. Self Weight of components Temperature conditions, Climatological factors Vibrations

TRANSMISSION LINE OPTMIZATION

Involves simultaneous/parallel studies for design & selection of various components of transmission line to achieve overall optimum techno-economic design

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN OPTIMIZATION Bundle Conductor studies Tower Design Study Tower Config. Analysis

Review of Existing systems & Practices

Selection of clearances Insulator string design

Line Cost & Optimization

Tower Fdn. Study

Economic Eval. Of Line

Results

DESIGN AND OPTIMISATION OF POWER TRANSMISSION LINES Review of existing system and practices Selection of clearances Insulator and insulator string design Insulator Hardware Bundle conductor studies Tower configuration analysis Tower weight estimation Foundation volumes estimation Line cost analysis & span optimization Economic evaluation of line

REVIEW OF EXISTING SYSTEM AND PRACTICES

Review of practice adopted in different countries as well as India w.r.t following
- Clearances adopted for different insulation levels - Swing angles adopted and clearances thereof - Configuration & Rating of insulator string, no of discs per string - Bundle conductor configuration, diameter of conductor - Surface gradient, Electric field, AN,TVI, RIV limitations

SELECTION OF CLEARANCES
Tower Clearance (Strike Distance) for different swing angles Phase to Phase Spacing Ground Clearance Mid Span Clearance and Shielding Angle Right of Way Clearance

SELECTION OF CLEARANCES
Strike distance (Live metal clearances): Clearance requirements are to be based on two assumptions; - In still air or under moderate winds, the clearance should be

sufficient to withstand the lightning or switching impulse voltages. - Under high wind, the clearance should be adequate to meet the power frequency voltage requirements. Required Clearances are ascertained thru Insulation

Co-ordination Studies

Phase to Phase Clearances: Dictated by live metal clearances for standard tower configurations adopted in India Ground Clearances: Min clearance Based on I.E rules and interference criteria (Electric field, surface gradient, AN, RIV) Mid Span Clearance: Between earthwire and conductor: Based on voltage level, span etc. Right of Way Clearance: Based on I.E. rules

Insulator string Maximum sag of conductor ROW = 42.5 X 2 = 85M MIN. GROUND CLEARANCE=15M 55 deg swing 7m MAXM. SAG=14.5 M 16.0 M Phase to Phase Clearance

9.0 M elect. Clearance required as per IE Rules

21.5 sin 55 = 17.50 M

9.0M + 17.5M +16.0 =42.5M

765kV S/C TRANSMISSION LINE: RIGHT OF WAY CALCULATIONS

INSULATION CO-ORDINATION
Insulation co-ordination aims at selecting proper insulation level for various voltage stresses in a rational manner. The objective is to assure that insulation has enough strength to meet the stress on it.
How many Flashovers?

Strength
Insulation Flashover Probability

Over Voltage Probability Density

Stress

Voltage-kV

INSULATION CO-ORDINATION
The maximum over voltage occurs rarely and like wise insulation strength very rarely decreases to its lowest value. The likelihood of both events occurring simultaneously is very limited. Therefore considerable economy may be achieved by recognizing the probabilistic nature of both voltage stress and insulation strength and by accepting a certain risk of failure. This leads to substantial decrease in line insulation, spark distances, tower dimensions, weight, ROW resulting in decreased cost of line. The decrease in line cost must be weighed against the increased risk of failure and the cost of such failures.

TYPICAL POWER FREQUENCY AC FLASHOVER CHARACTERISTICS OF LARGE AIR GAPS

Critical Flashover Voltage (Crest),kV

TYPICAL AIR GAP SWITCHING SURGE CFO's

3000 2500

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gap Spacing,m

Rod to Plane Insulator string Conductor to Tower Leg Conductor to Conductor Vertical Rod to Rod

Critical Flashover Voltage,kV

2000 1500 1000 500 0 3 4 6 8 10 12 Gap Spacing,m Rod to Plane Tower Window Horizontal Rod to Rod

BUNDLE CONDUCTOR SELECTION AND OPTIMISATION

Size, Type and Configuration of Conductor influences
- Tower and its geometry - Foundations - Optimum spans - Rating and configuration of Insulator string - Insulator swings - Ground clearance - Line interferences like electric field at ground, corona, radio & TV interference, audible noise etc

CONDUCTOR SELECTION SCENARIOS

Scenario I Selection of conductor for a transmission line of identified voltage level and specified minimum power flow but power flow capacity becomes ruling factor in selection of conductor size (low voltage lines). Scenario II Selection of conductor for a transmission line with identified voltage level and a specified minimum power flow but voltage level becomes ruling factor in selection of conductor/conductor bundle size (EHV/UHV lines).

Scenario III Selection of conductor for high power capacity long distance transmission lines where selection of voltage level and conductor/conductor bundle size are to be done together to obtain most optimum solution (HVDC Bipole).

CONDUCTOR BUNDLE SELECTION: METHODOLOGY

Preliminary set of conductor bundle/ sizes identified to start optimization

Parameters like insulation requirements, limits for corona, RIV,TVI,AN,EF,thermal ratings, line losses and statutory clearances identified
Detailed analysis of various alternatives in respect of following to be carried out to select the configuration - Basic insulation design and insulator selection - Tower configuration analysis - Tower weight and foundation cost analysis - Capital line cost analysis and span optimization - Line loss calculations - Economic evaluations (PWRR) of alternatives - Comparison of interference performance - Cost sensitivity analysis

Conductor Current Carrying Capacity

Conductor Heat Balance
Heat Generated = Heat Dissipated Heat Generated = I2R + Solar radiation (qs) Heat Dissipated = Convection Cooling (qc)+ Radiation Cooling (qr) I2R = (qr) + (qs) - (qs) The above equation solved for conductor temperature at point of heat balance
CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY: VARIATION W.R.T AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
Current Carrying Capacity (Amp)
1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Conductor- ACSR Moose Max Temp 75deg C Solar Radiation: 1045 W/sqm Wind Speed 2Km/hr Absorption Coeff: 0.8 Emmisitivity coeff: 0.45

Ambient Temp (degC)

Conductor Current Carrying Capacity : Variation w.r.t Max. Permissible Temp

1400

Current Carrying Capacity (degC)

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 65 75 85 95 115 125

Conductor- ACSR Moose Ambient Temp: 45 degC Solar Radiation: 1045 W/sqm Wind Velocity :2km/hr Absorption Coeff: 0.8 Emmisitivity Coeff: 0.45

Max Permissible Temp (deg C)

CONDUCTOR SURFACE GRADIENT

Conductor Surface gradient depends upon voltage level, number & dia of conductors, bundle configuration, phase spacing, clearances etc. Average Surface gradient E
AVG=

Q/ (2r)

Where Q = [C] [V] & r = conductor radius

Maximum Surface gradient E MAX= E AVG (1+d(n-1)/D) Where d = sub conductor diameter D = conductor bundle diameter N = number of sub conductors r=Conductor radius

CORONA OR VISIBLE DISCHARGE

Corona discharges form at the surface of the transmission line conductor when the electric field intensity (surface gradient) on the conductor surface exceeds the breakdown strength of the air. Critical surface voltage gradient To determine the onset gradient E peak of a conductor , the following formulae is used E peak= 31m (1+.308/ r) m=Surface roughness factor (.9 for dry .6 for rain) = Relative air density, r=Conductor radius Corona onset gradient should be greater than max conductor surface gradient. E peak> E MAX

INTERFERENCE Produced by Transmission Lines

Electric field at ground Magnetic field (not a predominant issue for EHV/UHV lines)

Audible Noise
Radio Interference

ELECTRIC FIELD
12

ELECTRIC FIELD (KV/M)

10

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

LATERAL DISTANCE FROM CENTER PHASE (M)

400kV D/C (Twin Moose) 800kV S/C (Quad Bersimis)

400kV S/C (Twin Moose)

MAXIMUM EXPOSURE TIME FOR HUMAN BEINGS UNDER VARIOUS ELECTRIC FIELDS
GRADIENT (KV/M) 5 10 15 20 25 TIME (MIN.) Unlimited 180 90 10 6

AUDIBLE NOISE STUDY RESULTS

RI (db/1uV/M at 1MHz)

RADIO INTERFERENCE STUDY RESULTS

56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Audible Noise L50 (dB above 20 micro pascal)

60

50

40 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

LATERAL DISTANCE FROM OUTER PHASE (M)

400KV S/C (Twin Moose) 400 KV D/C (Twin Moose) 800KVS/C (Quad Bersimis)

LATERAL DISTANCE (M)

400 kV , Grd Clearance= 9m 800kV, Grd. Clearance= 31.5m

800kv, Grd. Clearance= 23.5m

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AUDIBLE NOISE

60
AUDIBLE NOISE (dB)

HIGH

NUMEROUS COMPLAINTS

58 56 54 52 50 48 LOW
NO COMPLAINTS

MODERATE

SOME COMPLAINTS

DESIGN OF TOWERS
Transmission Line Towers are designed as per IS:802:1995 considering wind zones as per IS:875:1987
SALIENT DESIGN CONDITIONS
RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS SECURITY REQUIREMENTS CLIMATIC LOADS UNDER NORMAL CONDITION FAILURE CONTAINMENT LOADS UNDER BROKEN WIRE CONDITION LOADS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE LOAD.

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

Reliability Levels
RELIABILITY LEVEL 1 2 RETURN PERIOD 50 150 SUGGESTED FOR

FOR EHV TRANS LINES UPTO 400KV CLASS FOR TRANS LINES ABOVE 400KV CLASS AND TRIPLE & QUAD CIRCUIT TRANS LINE UPTO 400KV. FOR TALL RIVER CROSSING TOWERS AND SPECIAL TOWERS.

500

TOWER LOADING
Wind Effects:i). Basic wind speed Wind Zone: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vb(m/sec): 33 39 44 47 50 55 ii). Reference wind speed (Vr=Vb/k0) k0=1.375 iii). Design wind speed Vd = Vr.K1.K2 Where K1 = risk coefficient factor k2 = terrain coefficient factor iv). Design Wind Pressure 0.6 Vd. Vd.

Loads Due To Conductor & Earthwire

i). Transverse Load a). Due to Conductor & Earthwire. Pd . Cdc. L . Gc. d b). Due to insulator string. Where, Cdi. Pd. Ai . Gi Pd = Design wind pressure c). Deviation loads Cdc, Cdi = Drag co-officients 2T. Sin(D/2) L = Wind span
Gc, Gi = Gust response factors

ii). Vertical Load iii). Longitudinal Load

d = Dia of cable
T = Design tension D = Deviation angle

Analysis And Design

ANALYSIS i). GRAPHICAL METHOD ii). ANALYTICAL METHOD iii). COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS (K) (A) = (P) DESIGN AS COMPRESSION AND TENSION MEMBERS. CODAL PROVOSION FOR LIMITING COMPRESSION MEMBER DESIGN i). LEG MEMBERS ii). BRACINGS iii). REDUNDANTS iv). TENSION MEMBERS SLENDERNESS RATIO FOR 120 200 250 400

FLOW CHART FOR TOWER DESIGN

NAME, VOLTAGE, CLASS, WIND ZONE & BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS ( FROM APPROVED FR OR SEF GROUP) GEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS DETAILS OF ROUTE & BILL OF QUANTITIES (FROM SITE) DESIGN PHILOSPHY (FROM IS / IEC/ STANDARDISATION COMMITTEE REPORTS)

INPUTS
REVIEW CONFOIGURATION & TYPE OF TOWERS REVIEW TOWER LOADINGS & CONDITIONS REVIEW STURUCTIRAL ANALYSIS -BY COMPUTER -BY MANUAL VERIFICATION REVIEW FINAL DESIGN (THEORITICAL) STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS PROTO MANUFACTURE/ FABRICATION MODIFY DESIGN FAILED PROTO TESTING (FULL SCALE) SUCCESSFUL DESIGN FINALISED

DESIGN STAGES

TESTING & FINALISATION

Classification of foundations
Foundations are classified based on soil type and subsoil water level and listed below Normal Dry Sandy dry Wet Partially submerged Fully submerged Black cotton soil Dry fissured rock (Under cut type) Wet fissured rock (Under cut type) Submerged fissured rock (Under cut type) Hard rock

Unequal chimney foundations are also povided to minimize the benching and for water logged area as well

Design of Foundations
Following ultimate foundation loads acting at the tower base (along the tower slope) are considered
Down thrust (Compression) Uplift (Tension) Transverse side thrust Longitudinal side thrust

Design checks
Check for Bearing capacity Check for uplift capacity Check for overturning Check for sliding

FLOW CHART FOR FOUNDATION DESIGN

START

MAXIMUM/ CRITICAL TOWER LOADINGS FROM TOWER DESIGN/ PREVIOUS SIMILAR FDN DESIGN , TOWER DIMENSIONS & SLOPE FROM TOWER DESIGN REVIEW FOUNDATION LOADINGS TYPE OF FDN FROM BOQ (SITE INPUT), SOIL PROPERTIES FROM SPECN/ SOIL INV. REPORT & CONCRETE PROPERTIES FROM SPECN REVIEW

INPUTS
DESIGN PHILOSPHY (FROM IS/ CBIP / (STANDARDISATION COMMITTEE REPORTS)

FOUNDATION DESIGN BY COMPUTER /MANUALLY REVIEW REVIEW

YES

LARGE VARIATION WRT PREVIOUS SIMILAR DESIGN/ NIT ESTIMATE ?

YES

FOUNDATION DRAWINGS REVIEW

FINALISATION
END

DESIGN FINALISED

CAP & PIN DISC INSULATOR & INSULATOR STRINGS

INSULATOR AND INSULATOR STRING DESIGN Electrical design considerations

Insulation design depends on - Pollution withstand Capability Min. nominal creepage dist. = Min nominal specific creepage dist X highest system voltage phase to phase of the system
levels
Pollution Level Equiv. Salt Deposit Density (mg/cm2) Minm nominal specific creepage dist (mm/Kv)

Creepage Distance of insulator string required for different pollution

Light
Medium Heavy

0.03 to 0.06
0.10 to 0.20 0.20 to 0.60

16
20 25

Very Heavy

>0.60

31

- Switching/ Lightning Over voltage

INSULATOR AND INSULATOR STRING DESIGN Mechanical design considerations

a) Everyday Loading Condition Everyday load 20 to 25% of insulator rated strength. b) Ultimate Loading Condition Ultimate load on insulator to not exceed 70% of its rating. This limit corresponds roughly to pseudo-elastic limit.

c) In addition, capacity of tension insulator strings at least 10 % more than rated tensile strength of the line conductors.

Earthwire
Function

To protect conductor against lightning flashovers To provide a path for fault current

Maximum allowable fault current (I) through earthwire mainly depends on

Area of earthwire (A) Maximum permissible temperature Time of short circuit (t)

I varies proportional to A and inverse proportion to sqrt (t)

HARDWARE FITTINGS
For attachment of insulator string to tower
D-Shackles,Ball clevis, Yoke plate, Chain link

For attachment of insulator string to the conductor

Suspension & tension assembly Fittings like D-Shackles, Socket clevis, chain link

For protection of insulator string from power follow current

Arcing Horn

For making electric field uniform and to limit the electric field at the live end
Corona Control Ring/ Grading Ring

For fine adjustment of conductor sag

Sag Adjustment Plate, Turn Buckle

HARDWARE FITTINGS-Design
Suspension Assembly Shaped to prevent hammering between clamp & conductor To minimize static & dynamic stress in conductor under various loading conditions Minimum level of corona/RIV performance For slipping of conductor under prescribed unbalanced conditions between adjacent conductor spans Tension Assembly To withstand loads of atleast 95% of conductor UTS To have conductivity more than that of conductor Sag Adjustment Plate/ Turn Buckle To adjust sag upto 150mm in steps of 6mm Corona Control Ring/ Grading Ring To cover atleast one live end insulator disc To cover hardware fittings susceptible for Corona/RIV

ACCESSORIES FOR CONDUCTOR & EARTHWIRE

For joining two lengths of conductor/earthwire Mid Span Compression joint for Conductor/ earthwire For repairing damaged conductor Repair Sleeve For damping out Aeolian vibrations Vibration Damper for conductor & earthwire For maintaining sub conductor spacing along the span Spacers For damping out Aeolian vibrations, sub span oscillation and to maintain sub conductor spacing Spacer Damper

ACCESSORIES FOR CONDUCTOR & EARTHWIRE- Design

Mid Span Compression joint for Conductor/ earthwire & Repair Sleeve To withstand at least loads equivalent to 95% of the conductor UTS To have conductivity better than equivalent length of conductor (99.5% Aluminium)

WIND INDUCED VIBRATIONS

AEOLIAN VIBRATIONS High frequency, low amplitude vibrations induced by low, steady & laminar wind WAKE INDUCED VIBRATIONS Low frequency, medium amplitude vibrations induced by high velocity steady winds on bundle conductors GALLOPING Very low frequency, high amplitude vibrations induced by high velocity steady winds on conductors with asymmetrical ice deposit FACTORS INFLUENCING VIBRATION PERFORMANCE
TYPE , STRANDING & DIA OF CONDUCTOR, EARTHWIRE CONDUCTOR/EARTHWIRE TENSION SUB-CONDUCTOR SPACING IN BUNDLE CONDUCTORS BUNDLE CONFIGURATION

VIBRATION CONTROL DEVICES

VIBRATION DAMPERS Commonly used for vibration control of single conductor systems as well as bundle conductors alongwith spacers SPACER DAMPERS Used for vibration control of bundle conductors (instead of combination of vibration dampers & spacers)

First 765 kV Single Circuit Transmission Lines Of POWERGRID

SALIENT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS & IMPORTANT PARAMETERS OF 800KV KISHENPUR-MOGA TRANSMISSION LINE ELECTRICAL DATA A). NOMINAL VOLTAGE B). MAXIMUM SYSTEM VOLTAGE C). LIGHTNING IMPULSE WITHSTAND VOLTAGE D). POWER FREQUENCY WITHSTAND VOLTAGE (WET) E). SWITCHING IMPULSE WITHSTAND VOLTAGE (WET) F). MINIMUM CORONA EXTINCTION VOLTAGE (DRY) G). RIV AT 1 MHZ FOR PHASE TO EARTH VOLTAGE OF 510 kVrms 765KV 800KV 2400kVp 830 kVrms 1550 kVp 510kVrms 1000uV

CONDUCTOR BUNDLE SELECTION (800 KV Kishenpur-Moga) QUAD ACSR BERSIMIS STRANDING - 42/4.57 + 7/2.54, DIA - 33.05 MM, WEIGHT - 2.181 KG/M, UTS - 154KN SUB-CONDUCTOR SPACING - 457 MM

TOWERS, FOUNDATIONS (800 KV Kishenpur-Moga)

SELF SUPPORTING TYPE OF TOWERS FAMILY SELECTED : 0 DEG, 5 DEG & 15 DEG SUS. 30 DEG & 60 DEG TENSION REINFORCED CONCRETE TYPE FOUNDATIONS

TOWER ELECTRICAL CLEARANCE (800 KV Kishenpur-Moga) ELECTRICAL CLEARANCE OF 1.3M CORRESPONDING TO 50 HZ. POWER FREQUENCY - TO BE MAINTAINED UNDER 55 DEG. SWING ANGLE. ELECTRICAL CLEARANCE OF 4.4 M CORRESPONDING TO SWITCHING SURGE LEVELS OF 1.75 p.u. - TO BE MAINTAINED UNDER 25 DEG. SWING ANGLE. ELECTRICAL CLEARANCE OF 5.1 M TO TOP & 5.6 M TO SIDE (+0.5M ADDED FOR LIVE LINE MAINTENANCE) - TO BE MAINTAINED UNDER STATIONARY CONDITIONS. PHASE CLEARANCE : 15M MID SPAN CLEARANCE : 9M SHIELDING ANGLE : 20 DEG. GROUND CLEARANCE : 15 M {BASED ON ELECTRICAL FIELD LIMIT OF 10KV/M.(AS PER IRPA/WHO GUIDELINES}

INSULATORS (800KV Kishenpur-Moga) FOR SUSPENSION TOWERS : 0 DEG : DOUBLE SUSPENSION 120KN FOR I STRING (2X40) (IVI) SINGLE SUSPENSION 210 KN FOR V STRING(2X35 ) 5 DEG : DOUBLE SUSPENSION 120 KN FOR I STRING (2X40) (IVI) DOUBLE SUSPENSION 160/210KN FOR V STRING (2X2X35)

15 DEG:DOUBLE SUSPENSION 210 KN (4X35) (VVV)

FOR TENSION TOWERS : QUAD TENSION 210 KN

RIGHT OF WAY & INTERFERENCE (Kishenpur-Moga) RIGHT OF WAY - 85M ELECTRICAL FIELD AT EDGE OF RIGHT OF WAY < 2KV/M RI AND AN AT EDGE OF RIGHT OF WAY: AN(dBA) (WETCONDUCTOR) 58.2 55.9 56.5 54.2

VOLTAGE(kV) ALTITUDE(M) RI (DB) (FAIRWEATHER) 800 765 800 765 1000 1000 500 500 50.3 48.0 48.7 46.4

RI AND AN LEVELS ARE WITHIN INTERNATIONAL ACCEPTABLE LIMITS.

LOADING CRITERIA (800 KV Kishenpur-Moga) WIND ZONE - 4 (47M/SEC BASIC WIND SPEED). 150 YEAR RETURN PERIOD. AS PER REVISED IS-802. DESIGN WIND PRESSURE ON CONDUCTOR - 1825 Pa NARROW FRONT WIND LOADING EQUIVALENT TO WIND SPEED OF 250 KM/HR. APPLIED ON TOWER BODY. RULING SPAN - 400 M MAXM. WIND SPAN - 400 M WEIGHT SPANS MAXM - 600M FOR SUSPENSION & 750 M FOR TENSION TOWERS MINM - 200M FOR SUSPENSION & -200M FOR TENSION TOWERS.

800KV S/C KISHENPUR-MOGA TRANSMISSION LINE

DESCRIPTION Conductor Bundle ALTERNATIVES/PARAMETERS/ RESULTS (I) 8 nos. ACSR types with dia ranging from 30.56mm to 38.2mm. (2) 5 nos. ACAR types with dia ranging from 30.40mm to 35.80mm. (3) 5 nos. AAAC types with dia ranging from 31.50mm to 35.8mm. 300 m,350 m,400 m,450 m,500 m,550 m,600 m

Spans Basic Design Considerations (A) Wind Zone (B) Reliability Level (C) Power Flow (D) System Voltage Results (A) Optimum Conductor Bundle (B) Span i. Ruling ii. Maximum Wind Span iii. Weight Spans iv. Maximum ratio wind to weight span. Line Parameters (A) Clearances i. Live Metal Clearance ii. Minimum Ground Clearance iii. Minimum Phase Clearance (B) Insulator String i. Suspension Towers 0 deg. (I-V-I) 5 deg.(I-V-I) 15 deg. (V-V-V) (C) Interference Performance i. Audible Noise ii. Radio Interference

Wind Zone 4 as per IS:875(1987) 2 as per IS:802 (1995) 2500 MW 800kV QUAD ACSR BERSIMIS 400 m 400 m 200 to 600 m for suspension towers, -200 to 750 m for tension towers 1.4

5.10 m for switching surge,1.3m for power frequency 15.0m 15.0 m

Double I Suspension with 2x 40 nos, 120 kN disc insulators and single suspension V string with 35 nos, 210kN disc insulators in each arm. Double I Suspension with 2x 40 nos, 120 kN disc insulators and double suspension V string with 2x35 nos, 160/210kN disc insulators in each arm. Double V Suspension with 2x35 nos, 210kN disc insulators in each arm
58dBA 50 dB/1V/m at 834 kHz

765 kV S/C Kishenpur-Moga Transmission Line (Horizontal Configuration)

New Generation 765 kV Single Circuit Transmission Lines Of POWERGRID

Special Features
Delta Configuration with I V I Insulator Strings Reduced Right of Way - 64 m (instead of 85 m for Horizontal Configuration Lines)

ROW = 85 Mts

ROW = 64 Mts

765 kV S/C Delta Configuration Transmission Line

765 KV SUBSTATION AT SEONI

765 kV S/C Line - ELECTRIC FIELD (kV/m)

12

10
Electric Field (kV/m)

HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION
6

DELTA CONFIGURATION

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Lateral distance (m)

765 kV S/C Line - RADIO INTERFERENCE (dB/1 micro volt/m)

60
Radio Interference (dB/1 micro volt/m)

50

40

HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION
30

DELTA CONFIGURATION

20

10

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Lateral Distance (m)

765 kV S/C LINE - AUDIBLE NOISE (L5)

61 60
Audible Noise (dB above 20)

59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Lateral distance (m)

HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION DELTA CONFIGURATION

765 kV S/C LINE - AUDIBLE NOISE (L50)

59 58 57
Audible noise (dB above 20)

56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Lateral Distance (m)

HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION DELTA CONFIGURATION

765 kV Double Circuit Transmission Line

DESIGN & OPTIMIZATION STUDIES FOR 765 KV D/C TRANSMISSION LINE

Electrical Line Parameters (Same as 765 kV S/C) Nominal Line Voltage: 765kV r.m.s Maximum Line Voltage: 800kV r.m.s Switching Impulse Withstand level: 1550 kV peak Air gap clearances : 5.6 m at 0 deg 4.4 m at swing corresponding to 2 yr return period 1.3 m at swing corresponding to 50 yr return period

DESIGN & OPTIMIZATION STUDIES FOR 765 KV D/C TRANSMISSION LINE

Conductor Bundle Alternatives Quad ACSR Moose Quad ACSR Bersimis Quad ACSR Lapwing Hexa ACSR Zebra Hexa ACSR Cardinal Hexa ACSR Moose (4* 31.77 mm dia) (4* 35.05 mm dia) (4* 38.2 mm dia) (6* 28.62 mm dia) (6* 30.4 mm dia) (6* 31.77 mm dia)

DESIGN & OPTIMIZATION STUDIES FOR 765 KV D/C TRANSMISSION LINE

Conductor Surface Gradients & Corona Onset Gradients
Alternatives Quad Moose Quad Bersimis Quad Lapwing Hexa Zebra Hexa Cardinal Hexa Moose Max. Surface Gradient (kV/cm) 21.2 19.6 17.9 17.6 16.8 16.2 Fair Weather Corona Onset Gradient (kV/cm) 20 19.8 19.7 20.1 20 20

Electric Fields
Alternatives Quad Moose Quad Bersimis Quad Lapwing Maximum E.F. Within ROW in kV/m 9.0 9.0 9.3 E.F. at ROW edge in kV/m 1.6 1.4 1.5

Hexa Zebra
Hexa Cardinal Hexa Moose

10.0
10.0 10.0

1.9
1.9 1.9

DESIGN & OPTIMIZATION STUDIES FOR 765 KV D/C TRANSMISSION LINE

Radio Interference
Alternatives Quad Moose Quad Bersimis Quad Lapwing Hexa Zebra Hexa Cardinal Hexa Moose RIV at ROW edge in dB/V/m 53.8 49.6 45.7 38.9 37.0 35.8

Audible Noise
Alternatives Quad Moose Quad Bersimis Quad Lapwing Hexa Zebra Hexa Cardinal Hexa Moose A.N. at L5 LEVEL at ROW edge in dBA 63.8 63.2 62.0 58.5 58.1 57.7 A.N. at L50 LEVEL at ROW edge in dBA 62.8 61.6 59.6 54.6 53.7 52.9

DESIGN & OPTIMIZATION STUDIES FOR 765 KV D/C TRANSMISSION LINE

Insulator Strings
Conductor Bundle I Suspension String insulator rating Tension String insulator rating

HEXA Zebra HEXA Cardinal HEXA Moose

2 X 160 ; 2 X 35 nos. 2 X 160 ; 2 X 35 nos. 2 X 160 ; 2 X 35 nos.

4 X 210 ; 4 X 35 nos. 4 X 320 ; 4 X 33 nos. 4 X 320 ; 4 X 33 nos.

Comparative Capital Cost of Line

Conductor Bundle Estimated Capital Cost (in Rs Lakhs per km) Percentage Increase

HEXA Zebra HEXA Cardinal HEXA Moose

240 264 278

Base 10.0 % 15.8%

DESIGN & OPTIMIZATION STUDIES FOR 765 KV D/C TRANSMISSION LINE

Line Losses
Conductor Bundle Losses (kW/km) at 2500 MVA/ckt Peak Average

HEXA Zebra HEXA Cardinal HEXA Moose

286 245 232

115 98 93

Comparative PWRR
Conductor Bundle PWRR of capital cost of line (in Rs lakhs/ km) PWRR of losses lakhs/km) (in Rs Total PWRR (in Rs lakhs/km)

HEXA Zebra HEXA Cardinal HEXA Moose

360 396 417

390 334 317

750 730 734

765 KV D/C TOWER CONFIGURATION

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