VECTORS

(Yes, again)

Vectors in 3 dimensions

Adding one new dimensionweobtain a complete view of solidobjects. Z k (0,0,1) 1 = 2 = 1 + 2 + 3 3

Two right triangles: OAB, OBP OB = ? BP= ? P(x,y,z)

z
O x A y B y x C

Two vectors are parallelisscalarmultiple of theother. e.g. (5, -2, 1) (-2.5 , 1,

1 - ) 2

The basics concepts and characteristics of vectors are the same in 2 has in 3 dimensions.
Vector

between points. Addition, substraction. Magnitude. Unit Vector

Given A(-2,3,5) and B(1,0,-4)

A) Components of AB B) Components of BA C) Components of 3AB D) Components of OA + OB E) Calculate |AB| & |BA| F) Calculate |OA + OB| G) Calculate |OA|+|OB| H) Obtain Unit Vector of AB

Scalar (dot) Product

u = (u1,u2,u3) and v = (v1,v2,v3) =u1v1+u2v2+u3v3 = |u||v|cos Orthogonal

u = 7i+3j+2k; v=-3i+5j+3k; w=i+k = = =

A(1,2,3); B(-3,2,4); C(1,-4,3)

Show it is a right triangle and obtain the area.

XOY XOZ

YOZ

Direction angles, direction cosines

x = |v| cos() y = |v| cos() z = |v| cos() In other words v = |v|cos() i + |v|cos() j + |v|cos() k v = |v|(cos()i + cos()j + cos()k) If we take the magnitudes from both sides |v| = |v| cos2() + cos2() + cos2() That means cos2() + cos2() + cos2() =1

Obtain the direction angles from vector v = 4i 2j+4k

Solution: Magnitude Cosines Angles

Find the main diagonal of a cube with side a makes with the adjacent edges. (a,a,a)

Equations of lines

The line that passes through the point A(x0,y0,z0) and parallel to the vector v= (a,b,c) has parametric equations:

x=x0 + at, y=y0 + bt, z=z0 + ct

If you remember, we used before x=mx+b

Two vectors are parallel if one of them is scalar multiple of the other. Using a point M to be on line L, AM must be a vector multiple of v, i.e. AM=tv where t is scalar.
A

v
M(x,y,z) L

(x-x0, y-y0, z-z0) = t(a,b,c) = (ta,tb,tc) x-x0 = ta before which is x=x0+ta has we saw

A) Find the parametric equations of the line trough A(1,-2,3) and parallel to v=5i+4j-6k (ME)

B) Find the parametric equations of the line trough the points A(1,-2,3) and B(2,4,-2) (YOU)

Intersecting, parallel and skew straight lines

Parallel

L1: x=2-3t, y=t, z=-1+2t L2: x=1+6s, y=2-2s, z=2-4s

Intersecting or skew?

L1: x=1+4t, y=5-4t, z=-1+5t L2: x=2+8s, y=4-3s, z=5+s Point M(x0,y0,z0) x0=1+4t=2+8s,y0=5-4t=4-3s,z0=-1+5t=5+s
Now solve a pair of equations

Vector equation of a Line

Using the previous (x-x0, y-y0, z-z0) = t(a,b,c) = (ta,tb,tc) (x,y,z) - (x0,y0,z0) = t(a,b,c) (x,y,z) = (x0,y0,z0) + t(a,b,c) v r = r0 +tv A r0 r is a vector to any point on the line r

r0 is the position vector of a fixed point on line L v vector parallel to the direction

Find a vector equation of the line that contains (-1,3,0) and is parallel to v=3i-2j+k

Find a vector equation of the line passing through A(2,7) and B(6,2)

Application of lines to motion

We can apply the vector equaction over a line within a change of time. v represents the velocity r0 fixes the position r express the position according to time

An object is moving in the plane of an appropiately fitted coordinate system such that its position is given by r = (3,1) + t (-2,3) t stands for hours and distances in km a) Find the intial position of the object b) Show the position of the object on a graph at start, 1 hour and 3 hours after start c) Find the velocity and speed of the object