Chap 6

Capacitors and Inductors
Chapter 6
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 2
Chap. 6, Capacitors and Inductors
Introduction
Capacitors
Series and Parallel Capacitors
Inductors
Series and Parallel Inductors
6.1 Introduction
Resistor: a passive element which dissipates
energy only
Two important passive linear circuit
elements:
1) Capacitor
2) Inductor
Capacitor and inductor can store energy
only and they can neither generate nor
dissipate energy.

Michael Faraday (1971-1867)
6.2 Capacitors
A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric).

(F/m) 10 854 . 8
12
0
0
=
=
=
c
c c c
r
d
A
C
Three factors affecting the value of
capacitance:
1. Area: the larger the area, the greater the
capacitance.
2. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the
spacing, the greater the capacitance.
3. Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity,
the greater the capacitance.

d
A
C

=
Fig 6.4
(a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c) Electrolytic capacitor
Fig 6.5
Variable capacitors
Fig 6.3
Fig 6.2
Charge in Capacitors
The relation between the charge in plates and
the voltage across a capacitor is given below.

Cv q =
C/V 1 F 1 =
v
q
Linear
Nonlinear
Voltage Limit on a Capacitor
Since q=Cv, the plate charge increases as the
voltage increases. The electric field intensity
between two plates increases. If the voltage
across the capacitor is so large that the field
intensity is large enough to break down the
insulation of the dielectric, the capacitor is out
of work. Hence, every practical capacitor has a
maximum limit on its operating voltage.
I-V Relation of Capacitor
+
-
v
i
C
dt
dv
C
dt
dq
i Cv q = = = ,
Physical Meaning
dt
dv
C i =

when v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant
voltage across a capacitor creates no current through
the capacitor, the capacitor in this case is the same as
an open circuit.
If v is abruptly changed, then the current will have an
infinite value that is practically impossible. Hence, a
capacitor is impossible to have an abrupt change in
its voltage except an infinite current is applied.
+
-
v
i
C
Fig 6.7
A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.
The voltage on a capacitor cannot change
abruptly.
Abrupt change

The charge on a capacitor is an integration of
current through the capacitor. Hence, the
memory effect counts.

dt
dv
C i =
}

=
t
idt
C
t v
1
) (
}
+ =
t
t
o
o
t v idt
C
t v ) (
1
) (
( ) 0 ) ( = v
( ) C t q t v o o / ) ( ) ( =
+
-
v
i
C
Energy Storing in Capacitor
dt
dv
Cv vi p = =
} } }

= = = =
t
t v
v
t v
v
t
Cv vdv C dt
dt
dv
v C pdt w
) (
) (
2
) (
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
2
t Cv t w =
C
t q
t w
2
) (
) (
2
=
) 0 ) ( ( = v
+
-
v
i
C
Model of Practical Capacitor
Example 6.1
(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF
capacitor with 20V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.
Example 6.1
Solution:
(a) Since

(b) The energy stored is
pC 60 20 10 3
12
= =

q
pJ 600 400 10 3
2
1
2
1
12 2
= = =

Cv w
, Cv q=
Example 6.2
The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is

Calculate the current through it.
Solution:
By definition, the current is

V 6000 cos 10 ) ( t t v =
6
10 5

= =
dt
dv
C i
=

6000 10 5
6
) 6000 cos 10 ( t
dt
d
A 6000 sin 3 . 0 6000 sin 10 t t =
Example 6.3
Determine the voltage across a 2-F capacitor if the
current through it is

Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is zero.
Solution:
Since
mA 6 ) (
3000t
e t i

=
}

=
t
t
e v
0
3000
6
6
10 2
1
0
3000
3
3000
10 3
t
t
e
=
}
+ =
t
v idt
C
v
0
) 0 (
1
, 0 ) 0 ( and = v
3
10
dt
V ) 1 (
3000t
e
=
Example 6.4
Determine the current through a 200- F
capacitor whose voltage is shown in Fig 6.9.
Example 6.4
Solution:
The voltage waveform can be described
mathematically as
< < +
< <
< <
=
otherwise 0
4 3 V 50 200
3 1 V 50 100
1 0 V 50
) (
t t
t t
t t
t v
Example 6.4
Since i = C dv/dt and C = 200 F, we take the
derivative of to obtain

Thus the current waveform is shown in
Fig.6.10.
< <
< <
< <
=
< <
< <
< <
=

otherwise 0
4 3 mA 10
3 1 mA 10
1 0 mA 10
otherwise 0
4 3 50
3 1 50
1 0 50
10 200 ) (
6
t
t
t
t
t
t
t i
Example 6.4
Example 6.5
Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor in
Fig. 6.12(a) under dc condition.
Example 6.5
Solution:
Under dc condition, we replace each capacitor
with an open circuit. By current division,

mA 2 ) mA 6 (
4 2 3
3
=
+ +
= i
, V 4 2000 1 = = i v
mJ 16 ) 4 )( 10 2 (
2
1
2
1
2 3 2
1 1
1 = = =

v C w
mJ 128 ) 8 )( 10 4 (
2
1
2
1
2 3 2
2 2
2 = = =

v C w
V 8 4000 2 = = i v
Fig 6.14
N eq
C C C C C + + + + = ....
3 2 1
6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors
The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-
connected capacitors is the sum of the
individual capacitance.
N
i i i i i + + + + = ...
3 2 1
dt
dv
C
dt
dv
C
dt
dv
C
dt
dv
C i
N
+ + + + = ...
3 2 1
dt
dv
C
dt
dv
C
eq
N
k
K
=
|
.
|
\
|
=

=1
N eq
C C C C C + + + + = ....
3 2 1
Fig 6.15
N eq
C C C C C
1
...
1 1 1 1
3 2 1
+ + + + =
Series Capacitors
The equivalent capacitance of series-
connected capacitors is the reciprocal of the
sum of the reciprocals of the individual
capacitances.
N eq
t
N
t
eq
C
t q
C
t q
C
t q
C
t q
id
C C C C
id
C
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
)
1
...
1 1 1
(
1
2 1
3 2 1
+ + + =
+ + + + =
} }

t t
) ( ... ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
t v t v t v t v
N
+ + + =
2 1
1 1 1
C C C
eq
+ =
2 1
2 1
C C
C C
C
eq
+
=
Summary
These results enable us to look the capacitor in
this way: 1/C has the equivalent effect as the
resistance. The equivalent capacitor of
capacitors connected in parallel or series can
be obtained via this point of view, so is the Y-
connection and its transformation
Example 6.6
Find the equivalent capacitance seen between
terminals a and b of the circuit in Fig 6.16.
Example 6.6
Solution:
F 4
5 20
5 20
=
+
F 30 20 6 4 = + +
F 20 F
60 30
60 30
=
+
=
eq
C
: series in are capacitors F 5 and F 20 -
F 6 with the parallel in is capacitor F 4 -
: capacitors F 20 and
with series in is capacitor F 30 -
capacitor. F 60 the
Example 6.7
For the circuit in Fig 6.18, find the voltage
across each capacitor.
Example 6.7
Example 6.7
Solution:
Two parallel capacitors:

Total charge

This is the charge on the 20-mF and 30-mF capacitors,
because they are in series with the 30-v source. ( A
crude way to see this is to imagine that charge acts
like current, since i = dq/dt)

mF 10 mF
1
20
1
30
1
60
1
= =
+ +
eq
C
C 3 . 0 30 10 10
3
= = =

v C q
eq
Example 6.7
Therefore,

Having determined v
1
and v
2
, we now use KVL to
determine v
3
by

Alternatively, since the 40-mF and 20-mF capacitors
are in parallel, they have the same voltage v
3
and their
combined capacitance is 40+20=60mF.

, V 15
10 20
3 . 0
3
1
1
=
= =

C
q
v
V 10
10 30
3 . 0
3
2
2
=
= =

C
q
v
V 5 30
2 1 3
= = v v v
V 5
10 60
3 . 0
mF 60
3
3
=
= =

q
v
Joseph Henry (1979-1878)
6.4 Inductors
An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire
l
A N
L

2
=
Fig 6.22
(H/m) 10 4
7
0
0
2
=
=
=
t

r
l
A N
L
turns. of number : N
length. : l
area. sectional cross : A
core the of ty permeabili :
Fig 6.23
(a) air-core
(b) iron-core
(c) variable iron-core
Flux in Inductors
The relation between the flux in inductor and
the current through the inductor is given below.

Li = |
Weber/A 1 H 1 =
i

Linear
Nonlinear
Energy Storage Form
An inductor is a passive element designed to
store energy in the magnetic field while a
capacitor stores energy in the electric field.
I-V Relation of Inductors
An inductor consists of
a coil of conducting
wire.

dt
di
L
dt
d
v = =
|
+
-
v
i
L
Physical Meaning

When the current through an inductor is a constant,
then the voltage across the inductor is zero, same as a
short circuit.
No abrupt change of the current through an inductor
is possible except an infinite voltage across the
inductor is applied.
The inductor can be used to generate a high voltage,
for example, used as an igniting element.
dt
di
L
dt
d
v = =
|
Fig 6.25
An inductor are like a short circuit to dc.
The current through an inductor cannot change
instantaneously.
}
+ =
t
t
o
o
t i dt t v
L
i ) ( ) (
1
}

=
t
dt t v
L
i ) (
1
memory. has inductor The
vdt
L
di
1
=
+
-
v
L
Energy Stored in an Inductor

The energy stored in an inductor
} }

|
.
|
\
|
= =
t t
idt
dt
di
L pdt w
}

= =
) (
) (
2 2
) (
2
1
) (
2
1 t i
i
Li t Li di i L , 0 ) ( = i
) (
2
1
) (
2
t Li t w =
i
dt
di
L vi P
|
.
|
\
|
= =
+
-
v
L
Model of a Practical Inductor
Example 6.8
The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) =
10te
-5t
A. Find the voltage across the inductor
and the energy stored in it.
Solution:

V ) 5 1 ( ) 5 ( ) 10 ( 1 . 0
5 5 5 5
t e e t e te
dt
d
v
t t t t
= + = =

J 5 100 ) 1 . 0 (
2
1
2
1
10 2 10 2 2 t t
e t e t Li w

= = =
, H 1 . 0 and Since = = L
dt
di
L v
is stored energy The
Example 6.9
Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the
voltage across it is

Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s.
Assume i(0)=0.
Solution:

<
>
=
0 , 0
0 , 30
) (
2
t
t t
t v
. H 5 and = L ) ( ) (
1
Since
0
0 }
+ =
t
t
t i dt t v
L
i
A 2
3
6
3
3
t
t
= =
}
+ =
t
dt t i
0
2
0 30
5
1
Example 6.9
} }
= = = =
5
0
6
5
kJ 25 . 156
0
5
6
60 60
t
dt t pdt w
then is stored energy the and , 60 power The
5
t vi p = =
before. obtained as
using stored energy the obtain can we ely, Alternativ
writing by Eq.(6.13),
) 0 (
2
1
) 5 (
2
1
) 0 ( ) 5 (
2
Li Li w w =
kJ 25 . 156 0 ) 5 2 )( 5 (
2
1
2 3
= =
Example 6.10
Consider the circuit in
Fig 6.27(a). Under dc
conditions, find:
(a) i, v
C
, and i
L
.
(b) the energy stored
in the capacitor and
inductor.

Example 6.10
Solution:
, 2
5 1
12
A i i
L
=
+
= =
, J 50 ) 10 )( 1 (
2
1
2
1
2
2
= = =
c c
Cv w
J 4 ) 2 )( 2 (
2
1
2
1
2
2
= = =
i L
L w
) (a
: condition dc Under capacitor
inductor
circuit open
circuit short
) (b
V 10 5 = = i v
c
Inductors in Series
N eq
L L L L L + + + + = ...
3 2 1
Inductors in Parallel
N eq
L L L L
1 1 1 1
2 1
+ + + =
6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors
Applying KVL to the loop,

Substituting v
k
= L
k
di/dt results in
N
v v v v v + + + + = ...
3 2 1
dt
di
L
dt
di
L
dt
di
L
dt
di
L v
N
+ + + + = ...
3 2 1
dt
di
L L L L
N
) ... (
3 2 1
+ + + + =
dt
di
L
dt
di
L
eq
N
K
K
=
|
.
|
\
|
=

=1
N eq
L L L L L + + + + = ...
3 2 1
Parallel Inductors
Using KCL,
But
N
i i i i i + + + + = ...
3 2 1
}
+ =
t
t
k
k
k
o
t i vdt
L
i ) (
1
0
} }
+ + + =
t
t
t
t
s
k
t i vdt
L
t i vdt
L
i
0 0
) (
1
) (
1
0
2
0 1
}
+ + +
t
t
N
N
t i vdt
L
0
) (
1
...
0
) ( ... ) ( ) (
1
...
1 1
0 0 2 0 1
2 1
0
t i t i t i vdt
L L L
N
t
t
N
+ + + + |
.
|
\
|
+ + + =
}
}
+ = + |
.
|
\
|
=
= =
t
t
eq
N
k
k
t
t
N
k
k
t i vdt
L
t i vdt
L
0 0
) (
1
) (
1
0
1
0
1
The inductor in various connection has the
same effect as the resistor. Hence, the Y-
transformation of inductors can be similarly
derived.
Table 6.1
Example 6.11
Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit
shown in Fig. 6.31.
Example 6.11
Solution:
10H 12H, , H 20 : Series
H 6
42 7
42 7
=
+
: Parallel
H 18 8 6 4 = + + =
eq
L
H 42
Practice Problem 6.11
Example 6.12
Find the circuit in Fig. 6.33,
If find :
. mA ) 2 ( 4 ) (
10t
e t i

=
, mA 1 ) 0 (
2
= i
) 0 ( (a)
1
i
); ( and ), ( ), ( (b)
2 1
t v t v t v ) ( and ) ( (c)
2 1
t i t i
Example 6.12
Solution:
. mA 4 ) 1 2 ( 4 ) 0 ( mA ) 2 ( 4 ) ( ) (a
10
= = =

i e t i
t
mA 5 ) 1 ( 4 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
2 1
= = = i i i
H 5 3 2 12 || 4 2 = + = + =
eq
L
mV 200 mV ) 10 )( 1 )( 4 ( 5 ) (
10 10 t t
eq
e e
dt
di
L t v

= = =
mV 120 ) ( ) ( ) (
10
1
2
t
e t v t v t v

= =
mV 80 mV ) 10 )( 4 ( 2 2 ) (
10 10
1
t t
e e
dt
di
t v

= = =
is inductance equivalent The ) (b
Example 6.12
} }
+ = + =

t t
t
dt e i dt v t i
0 0
10
1 2 1
mA 5
4
120
) 0 (
4
1
) (
mA 3 8 5 3 3 mA 5
0
3
10 10 10 t t t
e e
t
e

= + + = + =
} }
= + =

t
t
t
dt e i dt v t i
0
10
2
0
2 2
mA 1
12
120
) 0 (
12
1
) (
mA 1 1 mA 1
0
10 10 10 t t t
e e
t
e

= + = =
) ( ) ( ) ( that Note
2 1
t i t i t i = +
}
+ =
t
i dt t v
L
i
0
) 0 ( ) (
1
) (c

Chap 6

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Capacitors and Inductors

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