ESCORTS

Company Profile

The Escorts Group, is among India's leading engineering conglomerates operating in the high growth sectors of agri-machinery, construction & material handling equipment, railway equipment and auto components. Having pioneered farm mechanization in the country, Escorts has played a pivotal role in the agricultural growth of India for over five decades. One of the leading tractor manufacturers of the country, Escorts offers a comprehensive range of tractors, more than 45 variants starting from 25 to 80 HP. Escort, Farmtrac and Powertrac are the widely accepted and preferred brands of tractors from the house of Escorts.

HISTORY
The genesis of Escorts goes back to 1944 when two brothers, Mr. H. P. Nanda and Mr. Yudi Nanda, launched a small agency house, Escorts Agents Ltd. in Lahore. Over the years, Escorts has surged ahead and evolved into one of India's largest conglomerates. In this journey of six decades, Escorts has had the privilege of being associated with some of the world leaders in the engineering manufacturing space like Minneapolis Moline, Massey Ferguson, Goetze, Mahle, URSUS, CEKOP, Ford Motor Company, J C Bamford Excavators, Yamaha, Claas, Carraro, Lucky Goldstar, First Pacific Company, Hughes Communications, Jeumont Schneider, Dynapac . These valued relationships be it technological or marketing, are our highly cherished experiences treasures, which have helped us inculcate best in class manufacturing practices and to emerge as a technologically independent world class engineering organization.

Technologies
Escorts AMG has three recognized and well-accepted tractor brands, which are on distinct and separate technology platforms. Farmtrac: World Class Premium tractors, with single reduction and epicyclic reduction transmissions from 34 to 75 HP. Powertrac: Utility and Value-for-money tractors, offering straight-axle and hub-reduction tractors from 34 to 55 HP. India's No.1 economy range - engineered to give spectacular diesel economy. Escort: Economy tractors having hub-reduction transmission and twincylinder engines from 27 to 35 HP. Pioneering brand of tractors introduced by Escorts with unbeatable advantages.

STUDY OF VARIOUS PROCESSES OF TRACTOR ASSEMBLY

CYLINDER BLOCK

A cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the cylinder(s) of a reciprocating engine and often some or all of their associated surrounding structures (coolant passages, intake and exhaust passages and ports, and crankcase) The various main parts of an engine (such as cylinder(s), cylinder head(s), coolant passages, intake and exhaust passages, and crankcase) are conceptually distinct, and these concepts can all be instantiated as discrete pieces that are bolted together. Such construction was very widespread in the early decades of the commercialization of internal combustion engines (1880s to 1920s), and it is still sometimes used in certain applications where it remains advantageous (especially very large engines, but also some small engines).

However, it is no longer the normal way of building most petrol engines and diesel engines, because for any given engine configuration, there are more efficient ways of designing for manufacture. These generally involve integrating multiple machine elements into one discrete part, and doing the making (such as casting, stamping, and machining) for multiple elements in one setup with one machine coordinate system (of a machine tool or other piece of manufacturing machinery). This yields lower unit cost of production (and/or maintenance and repair). Today most engines for cars, trucks, buses, tractors, and so on are built with fairly highly integrated design, so the words "monobloc" and "en bloc" are seldom used in describing them; such construction is often implicit. Thus "engine block", "cylinder block", or simply "block" are the terms likely to be heard in the garage or on the street.

Development context
The move from extensive use of discrete elements (via separate castings) to extensive integration of elements (such as in most modern engine blocks) was a gradual progression that passed through various phases of monobloc engine development, wherein certain elements were integrated while others remained discrete. The increase in prevalence of ever-more-integrated designs relied on the gradual development of foundry and machining practice for mass production. For example, a practical low-cost V8 engine was not feasible until Ford developed the techniques used to build the Ford flathead V8 engine, which soon also disseminated to the larger society. Today the foundry and machining processes for manufacturing engines are usually highly automated, with a few skilled workers to manage the making of thousands of parts.

Cylinders integrated into one or several cylinder blocks

Cylinders are cast in three pairs

Cylinders are cast in two blocks of three

CYLINDER BLOCK A cylinder block is a unit comprising several cylinders (including their cylinder walls, coolant passages, cylinder sleeves if any, and so forth). In the earliest decades of internal combustion engine development, monobloc cylinder construction was rare; cylinders were usually cast individually. Combining their castings into pairs or triples was an early win of monobloc design. A wet liner cylinder block features cylinder walls that are entirely removable, which fit into the block by means of special gaskets.

They are referred to as "wet liners" because their outer sides come in direct contact with the engine's coolant. Wet liner designs are popular with European manufacturers, most notably Renault and Peugeot, who continue to use them to the present. Dry liner designs use either the block's material or a discrete liner inserted into the block to form the backbone of the cylinder wall. Additional sleeves are inserted within, which remain "dry" on their outside, surrounded by the block's material.

Cylinder blocks and crankcase integrated

A flathead engine with integral cylinder bank and crankcase. The head is tipped upward to reveal the deck. This example is typical of engines of the 1930s through 1950s.

Casting technology at the dawn of the internal combustion engine could reliably cast either large castings, or castings with complex internal cores to allow for water jackets, but not both simultaneously. Most early engines, particularly those with more than four cylinders, had their cylinders cast as pairs or triplets of cylinders, then bolted to a single crankcase. As casting techniques improved, an entire cylinder block of 4, 6, or 8 cylinders could be cast as one. This was a simpler construction, thus less expensive (unit-wise) to make.

The communal water jacket of monobloc designs permitted closer spacing between cylinders. The monobloc design also improved the mechanical stiffness of the engine against bending and the increasingly important torsional twist, as cylinder numbers, engine lengths, and power ratings increased.

-Engine block, transmission case, and rear axle housing as frame members:

Many farm tractor designs have incorporated their engine block, transmission case, and rear axle housing as frame members.
First was the Fordson tractor, but many others followed. As with many other instances of integration of components into fewer castings, lower unit cost of production was the driver.

In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head (often informally abbreviated to just head) sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket. In most engines, the head also provides space for the passages that feed air and fuel to the cylinder, and that allow the exhaust to escape. The head can also be a place to mount the valves, spark plugs, and fuel injectors. In a flathead or sidevalve engine, the mechanical parts of the valve train are all contained within the block, and the head is essentially a metal plate bolted to the top of the block.

This simplification avoids the use of moving parts in the head and eases manufacture and repair, and accounts for the flathead engine's early success in production automobiles and continued success in small engines, such as lawnmowers.

Implementation: The number of cylinder heads in an engine is a function of the engine configuration. Almost all inline (straight) engines today use a single cylinder head that serves all the cylinders. . A V (or Vee) engine has two cylinder heads, one for each cylinder bank of the 'V'. A flat engine (basically a V engine, where the angle between the cylinder banks is now 180) has two heads.

Most radial engines have one head for each cylinder.

Some engines, particularly medium- and large-capacity diesel engines built for industrial, marine, power generation, and heavy traction purposes (large trucks, locomotives, heavy equipment etc.) have individual cylinder heads for each cylinder.

The design of the cylinder head is key to the performance and efficiency of the internal combustion engine, as the shape of the combustion chamber, inlet passages and ports (and to a lesser extent the exhaust) determines a major portion of the volumetric efficiency and compression ratio of the engine.

ENGINE SPECIFICATION FARMTRAC

Description UNIT

Hero

Champion

FT45

FT50 EPI

FT60

FT65 EPI

FT70

No. of Cylinders

Bore / Stroke Displacement Fuel Injection System

mm cc

91/110 2150 In-Line

91/110 2150 In-Line 2200 600-650 2475-2525

106.7/106.7 2862 In-Line 2000 600-700 2300-2400

111.8/106.7 3140 Rotary 2000 600-700 2300-2400

111.8/106.7 3140 Rotary / In-Line 2000 600-700 2300-2400

111.8/117 3440 In-Line 2100 600-700 2450-2550

111.8/117 3440 In-Line 2200 600-700 2450-2550

Rated Speed

rpm

2200 600-650 2475-2525

Low Idling Speed

rpm

High Idling Speed Engine HP (BHP)

rpm ps 34.0 38.0 35.3 42.0 36.38 32.5 45.0 41.1 38.3 50.0 45.3 55.0 60.0

PTO Horse Power

ps 33.4

48.7
40.40

49.70
44.01

Drawbar H.P. Average SFC

ps g/bhp/h

28.69

29.7
176

40.7
165

182 Max. Torque / Engine RPM kgfm / rpm Oil Sump Capacity Liters 6.5 13.0/1051

191 14.29/1153

178.3 19.28/950

195
22.13/1000

193 21.47/1200

13.68/1210

20.5/1200

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5