Detail Study of Hydroelectric Power Plant

HYDROELECTRIC SCHEMES
HISTORY
1. MAN KIND KNEW ABOUT WIND AND WATER POWER SINCE BEGINNING 2. FIRST COMMERCIAL HEP 200KW IN 1881 IN USA ON RIVER NIAGARA 3. 130 KW AT DARJEELING, INDIA IN 1897

Hydropower Pros and Cons

Positive
Emissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX, SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates Renewable resource with high conversion efficiency to electricity (80+%) Dispatchable with storage capacity

Negative
Frequently involves impoundment of large amounts of water with loss of habitat due to land inundation Variable output dependent on rainfall and snowfall Impacts on river flows and aquatic ecology, including fish migration and oxygen depletion Social impacts of displacing indigenous people Health impacts in developing countries High initial capital costs Long lead time in construction of large projects

Usable for base load, peaking and pumped storage applications Scalable from 10 KW to 20,000 MW Low operating and maintenance costs Long lifetimes

How Hydropower Works!

Hydrologic cycle

 The primary way in which water is transported from the atmosphere to the Earths surface is through precipitation. Precipitation can be rain, snow, hail, sleet or freezing rain. Precipitation amounts vary in geographical locations, due to influences of topography.

Runoff
It is the movement of water to the ocean by lakes, rivers and streams. Precipitation that does not evaporate, transpire or become groundwater, returns to the ocean. Excess runoff can also cause flooding, when too much precipitation occurs.

Hydraulic Machines
Machines which converts hydraulic energy( energy possessed by water) into mechanical energy( which is further converted into electrical energy)

Hydropower to Electric Power

Potential Energy

Electrical Energy Electricity

Kinetic Energy

Mechanical Energy

How Hydropower Works! (ctd)

Water from the reservoir flows due to gravity to drive the turbine. Turbine is connected to a generator. Power generated is transmitted over power lines.

TYPICAL HYDRO PLANT

TYPICAL HYDRO LAYOUT

Classification of Hydroelectric Plants

The Classification may be based upon a)Quantity of Water Available b)Available head c) Nature of load a)Quantity of Water Available 1. RUN OF THE RIVER Plant without pondage 2. R-O-R WITH SMALL PONDAGE 3. STORAGE TYPE (Reservoir Plant)-MULTI PURPOSE POWER + IRRIGATION +

RUN-OFF THE RIVER PLANT WITHOUT PONDAGE

It does not store water It uses water as it comes Generation of power is done when water is available Generation of power is not done when water is not available Its generating capacity is dependent on rate of flow of water.

R-O-R WITH SMALL PONDAGE

It increases the usefullness of Run-Off River plant by pondage Pondage permits storage of water during off period& use of this water during peak periods. Its generating capacity is less dependent on rate of flow of water This type of plant is more reliable than that of
RUN-OFF THE RIVER PLANT WITHOUT PONDAGE

STORAGE TYPE (Reservoir Plant) A Storage( Reservoir) plant is that which has a reservoir of such size as to permit carrying over storage from wet season to the next dry season. Water is stored behind the dam and is available to the plant with control as required.

Such type of plant has better capacity & can be used efficiently throughout the year.

b)Available head
High Head Plant Medium Head Plant Low Head Plant >300 m 30-300 m < 30 m

Types of Hydroelectric Installation

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

HEAD CALCULATION
Avg. Gross Head = MDDL + 2/3 (FRL - MDDL) TWL(ALL Units Running) Rated/Net Head Loss = Avg. Gross Head - Head

Max. Gross Head

= FRL - min TWL

HEAD CALCULATION
Max. Net Head = Max. Gross Head-Head Loss Min. Gross Head = MDDL - TWL(ALL Units Running) Min. Net Head = Min. Gross Head - Head Loss

EFFECTIVE HEAD OR NET HEAD

FOR PELTON
H = MDDL+ 2/3(FRL -MDDL) - TCL Head loss

FOR FRANCIS AND KAPLAN H = MDDL+ 2/3(FRL -MDDL) - TWL Head loss

c) Nature of load
Base Load Plant Peak Load Plant

Base Load Plant

It caters to power demand at base of the load curve It operates continuously at a constant or nearly constant power It operates at high load factor

Peak Load Plant

It is designed for the purpose of operating to supply the peak load of power system.

Pumped Storage Plant

These plants are used when quantity of water available for generation of power is otherwise insufficient. There are two ponds a) Head water pond b) Tail water pond Water after passing through the turbine is stored in the tail-race

View of a Hydro Unit

COMPONENT OF POWER HOUSE

GOVERNOR GENERATOR BUS DUCT GSU SWITCH YARD

PENSTOCK

SPIRAL CASING & WICKET GATE

TURBINE

DRAFT TUBE

TAIL RACE

Governor

Generator

Air Gap Stator Rotor Cooler

Thrust Bearings

Stator Core
Made up of Silicon Steel laminated sheet with high permeability and

low hystersis & eddy current losses

Stator Winding
windings are copper conductors which carries the generated voltage.

Rotor
It carries magnetic pole & is revolved by turbine, resulting in power generation in stator.

Rotor

Pole
Pole are mounted on rotor and It fulfills the need of a rotating magnetic field
Dovetail keys

Core

Damper Bars

Slip Rings
Slip rings are installed on rotor to transfer the field current from the external excitation equipment to the field winding. The current flows through the stationary carbon brushes to the rotating slip rings, through insulated bars mounted in the hollow shaft and to the pole coil connections.

Guide Pads
To restrict the radial movement of machine.
GENERATOR

Segmented type guide bearing assembly

WATER POWER FORMULA

P MW =(9.81 x Q x H x t x g )/1000 Where , Q = Discharge in m3/s H = Head in metre t x g =Overall efficiency N=(Ns x H 1.25)/(Pt 0.5) Where, Pt=Turbine output Ns = Specific speed

HYDROELECTRIC SCHEMES
MAIN COMPONENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. DAM OR BARRAGE HYDRO MACHANICAL EQUIPMENT INTAKE STRUCTURE HEAD RACE TUNNEL OR OPEN CHANNEL PENSTOCKS MAIN INLET VALVES POER HOUSE INCLUDING TURBINES, GENERATORS TAILRACE TUNNEL

DIVERSION STUCTURE

POWER INTAKE

POWER CHANNEL
FALL FOREBAY PENSTOCK POWER HOUSE TAIL RACE POOL

POWER CHANNEL DEVELOPMENT

FIGURE-1

DIVERSION STUCTURE

POWER INTAKE

HEAD RACE TUNNEL

FALL SURGE SHAFT POWER HOUSE TAIL RACE POOL

POWER TUNNEL DEVELOPMENT

FIGURE-2

RESERVOIR

DAM TOP ROAD

SPILLWAY

POWER HOUSE

TAIL RACE CHANNEL DAM TOE DEVELOPMENT

FIGURE-3

Dams

Dams are structures built over rivers to stop th orm a reservoir.The reservoir stores the water iver. This water is diverted to turbines in pow ams collect water during the rainy season an llowing for a steady flow through the turbine ear. Dams are also used for controlling floods a ams should be water-tight and should be able ressure exerted by the water on it. There are ams such as arch dams, gravity dams and bu eight of water in the dam is calle

Images of Dam & Reservoir

River

Dam

Reservoi r

Image No 2 of Dam & Reservoir

Image No 3 of Dam & Reservoir

Nanak Matta Temple

tta

Structure of Dam
Upstream
MWL Max. level NWL Normal water level

Crest

Down stream
Spillway (inside dam)

Free board

Sluice way

Gallery

Heel

Toe

 Heel: contact with the ground on the upstream side Toe: contact on the downstream side Abutment: Sides of the valley on which the structure of the dam rest

Galleries: small rooms like structure left within the dam for checkin operations.

Diversion tunnel: Tunnels are constructed for diverting water before th construction of dam. This helps in keeping the river bed dry. Spillways: It is the arrangement near the top to release the excess water the reservoir to downstream side Sluice way: An opening in the dam near the ground level, which is used clear the silt accumulation in the reservoir side.

TYPES OF DAMS
Gravity Dams:
Reservoir Force These dams are heavy and massive wall-like structures of concrete in which the whole weight acts vertically downwards

As the entire load is transmitted on the small area of foundation, such dams are constructed where rocks are competent and stable.

Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the world. Bhakra Dam is across river Sutlej in Himachal Pradesh The construction of this project was started in the year 1948 and was completed in 1963 .

It is 740 ft. high above the deepest foundation as straight concrete dam being more than three times the height of Qutab Minar. Length at top 518.16 m (1700 feet); Width at base 190.5 m (625 feet), and at the top is 9.14 m (30 feet) Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the world.

Buttress Dam:
Buttress Dam Is a gravity dam reinforced by structural supports Buttress - a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting structure This type of structure can be considered even if the foundation rocks are little weaker

Arch Dams:
These type of dams are concrete or masonry dams which are curved or convex upstream in plan This shape helps to transmit the major part of the water load to the abutments Arch dams are built across narrow, deep river gorges, but now in recent years they have been considered even for little wider valleys.

Earth Dams:
They are trapezoidal in shape Earth dams are constructed where the foundation or the underlying material or rocks are weak to support the masonry dam or where the suitable competent rocks are at greater depth. Earthen dams are relatively smaller in height and broad at the base They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel, hence they are also known as Earth fill

WEIR & BARRAGE

THE WEIR IS A SOLID OBSTRUCTION PUT ACROSS THE RIVER TO RAISE ITS WATER LEVEL AND DIVERT THE WATER INTO THE CANAL. THE FUNCTION OF BARRAGE IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF A WEIR, BUT THE HEADING UP OF WATER IS EFFECTED BY THE GATES ONLY. NO SOLID OBSTRUCTION IS PUT ACROSS THE RIVER. THE CREST LEVEL IN THE BARRAGE IS KEPT AT A LOW LEVEL.

HYDRAULIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BARRAGE & DAM

BARRAGE Very little or no pondage is is available. Crest is invariably at the above the riverbed level. Gated part forms the entire total length of the structure. Discharge intensity is low & more & thus less damage downstream area. DAM Some pondage i.e. (FRL-MDDL) generally available. Crest is generally raised riverbed level. Gated part forms a part of the length of the structure. Discharge intensity is high thus to d/s area. damage to

Intake Structure

Re se rv oir

Intake

Head Race Tunnel

Concrete Tunnel

Intake

Open Power Channel

FUNCTIONS OF SURGE TANK

Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system. It serves the purpose of reducing water hammering in pipes which can cause damage to pipes. The sudden surges of water in penstock is taken by the surge tank, and when the water requirements increase, it supplies the collected water thereby regulating water flow and pressure inside the penstock.

Image of Surge Tank

Surge Tank Surge Tank

Surge Shaft Surge Shaft

Penstock

Image 2 of Surge Tank

Surge Tank

Penstock

SURGE SHAFT
Factors affecting the layout of Surge-Shaft are:
Discharge through the Water Conductor System Various components of the Water Conductor System Transient flow conditions in the Water Conductor System Length of the Water Conductor System Turbo-generator and relief-valve mechanism Ground topography and Geology

SPILLWAY

A spillway as the name suggests could be called as way for spilling of water from dams. It is used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam is used to prevent over toping of the dams which could result in damage or failure of dams. Spillw could be controlled type or uncontrolled type. The uncontrolled types start releasing water upon wat rising above a particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow is possible.

SURGE TANK UNSTEADY UPSURGE

RESERVOIR

HYDROSTATIC LEVEL STEADY STATE

PENSTOCK PRESSURE TUNNEL

SURGE TANK SYSTEM

FIGURE-1

SURGE TANK

GATE GROOVE
RESERVOIR

MAX SURGE LEVEL

STEADY STATE LEVEL

MIN SURGE LEVEL

INTAKE

PRESSURE TUNNEL
PRESSURE SHAFT

MAIN INLET VALVE TAILRACE

TURBINE

EXCAVATED SURGE TANK

FIGURE-2

RESERVOIR

DAM SURGE TANK TURBINE

INTAKE
TAILRACE

VALVE

FREE STANDING SURGE TANK

FIGURE-3

UPSTREAM SURGE SHAFT HYDROSTATIC LEVEL STEADY STATE LEVEL PRESSURE SHAFT LOW PRESSURE CONDUIT

RESERVOIR

DOWNSTREAM SURGE SHAFT AIR VENT

TAILRACE TUNNEL UNDERGROUND POWER HOUSE

U/S AND D/S SURGE TANK SYSTEM

FIGURE-4

PENSTOCK
Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside power station. They are usually made of steel and are equipped with gate systems.Water under high pressure flows through the penstock. A tunnel serves the same purpose as a penstock. It is used when an obstruction is present between the dam and power station such as a mountain.

Image of Penstock

Surge Tank

Surge Tank

Surge Shaft

Surge Shaft

DECIDING THE POWER HOUSE LAYOUT

Depending upon the topography and geology of the area power house can be located on surface or underground or as a semi underground power house.
Surface power house Underground power house Semi underground or shaft power house

Hydraulic Turbine
Hydraulic turbine convert hydraulic energy of water into mechanical energy which is further converted into electrical energy. This energy obtained is known as HydroElectric Power, which is one of the cheapest form of energy generation.

HYDRAULIC TURBINE
(BASED ON FLOW)
AXIAL MIXED TANGENTIAL FLOW (RADIAL + AXIAL FLOW FRANCIS PELTON

KAPLAN

OPERATING RANGE OF TURBINES

TURBINE TYPE PELTON FRANCIS SPECIFIC SPEED (m-kW) 10-60 60-400 HEAD (m) 2000-400 650-30

KAPLAN
BULB

220-1000

75-3
Less than 15m

SPECIFIC SPEED
Specific speed is defined as the speed in revolutions per minute at which a turbine would run at the best efficiency for full guide-vane/nozzle opening under a head of one unit and its dimensions having been adjusted to produce unit power output. Mathematical expression, NS= N * (P1/2/H5/4) Where, N= Shaft speed in rpm, H= Rated head in m, P= Rated output on

COMPARISON

IMPULSE
-HIGH HEAD -LOW DISCHARGE -TCL ABOUT TAILRACE -WORKS AT ATM PRESSURE -DT NOT REQUIRED

REACTION
-MEDIUM AND LOW HEAD -MEDIUM & HIGH DISCHARGE -TCL IS SUBMERGED -WORKS BELOW ATM PR -DT IS REQUIRED

EFFICIENCY OF TURBINE
KAPLAN 93% FRANCIS 94% PELTON 92%

COMPARISON

IMPULSE
-WATER

REACTION
-ALL BLADES WORKS SIMULTANEOUSLY -SMALLER SPACE

STRIKES AT FEW BUCKETS AT A TIME -NEEDS LARGER SPACE FOR EQUAL P & H -BEP NEAR LOAD

-BEP NEAR FULL LOAD

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE

Type of Machine Head Load variation variation % of % of rated rated head output 110 to 90 50 to 100 Specific speed (m-mhp) Peak efficiency in %

PELTON

15 to 65 60 to 400

92 94 93 92

FRANCIS 125 to 65 50 to 100 KAPLAN

125 to 65 40 to 100 300 to 800

PROPELL 110 to 90 90 to 100 300 to 800 ER

BULB

125 to 65 40 to 100

600 to 1200

92

1.EFFECTIVE COMPARISION
Assumption: H =100 m P = 100 MW
Total turbine width (m) 30 12 TURBINE Shaft Runner Suctio TYPE speed diamete n head (rpm) r (m) (m) PELTON 62.5 6.5 +5 FRANCIS 200 3.3 -4

KAPLAN
BULB

333
600

3.4
2.5

-25
-90

13
6

REASONS FOR SELECTING FRANCIS

1. Pelton Large size, low speed generator. 2. Bulb Extreme turbine setting. 3. Kaplan Turbine setting is too high,Size equivalent to Francis, higher speed and probably a cheaper generator. 4. Francis Therefore, OPTIMUM selection.

Francis Turbine

ancis Turbine Francis Turbine is the first draulic turbine with radial inflow. It was signed by an American scientist James ancis. If the water flows radially through e runner , from outwards to inwards then i known as an inward radial flow turbine. ancis turbine is a reaction turbine as the ergy available at the inlet of the turbine is combination of kinetic and pressure

Main Parts of Francis Turbine

1-Spiral CASING: This is provided in
Reaction Turbine to distribute water uniformly through gates into the runner & to give tangential whirl component of velocity to the runner. This is normally weld fabricated of plate steel.

1-Image of Spiral CASING

Spiral C

Stay

2-GUIDE MECHANISM:
Guide Vanes regulates the quantity and direction of the water to the Runner. Smaller and medium sized vanes are cast in mild steel or stainless steel or bronze. Relatively larger gates are of fabricated plate steel welded construction or dowelled to the vane trunnions.

Stay Vane s Guide Vane s

Stay Van

3-Runner
Runner is a circular disk on the periphery of which a number of evently spaced blades are fixed.

FRANCIS RUNNER

or Boss

or Run

AGUSPHILIPINES

Image no 2 of Francis Turbine Runner

Image No 3 of FRANCIS Turbine RUNNER Runner

Hub or Boss

KEBAN TURKEY

DRAFT TUBE:
It is used for discharging water from the outlet of the runner to the tail race.

Image of DRAFT TUBE:

Working Principle of Francis Turbine

ncis Turbines are generally installed with their axis cal. Water with high head (pressure) enters the ine through the spiral casing surrounding the guide es. The water looses a part of its pressure in the te (spiral casing) to maintain its speed. Then water ses through guide vanes where it is directed to strike blades on the runner at optimum angles. As the er flows through the runner its pressure and angular mentum reduces. This reduction imparts reaction on runner and power is transferred to the turbine shaft. e turbine is operating at the design conditions the er leaves the runner in axial direction. Water exits turbine through the draft tube, which acts as a ser and reduces the exit velocity of the flow to

Power Generation Using Francis Turbine

For power generation using Francis Turbine the turbine is supplied with high pressure water which enters the turbine with radial inflow and leaves the turbine axially through the draft tube. The energy from water flow is transferred to the shaft of the turbine in form of torque and rotation. The turbine shaft is coupled with dynamos or alternators for power generation. For quality power generation speed of turbine should be maintained constant despite the changing loads. To maintain the runner speed constant even in reduced load condition the water flow rate is reduced by changing the guide vanes angle.

X-SECTION THROUGH FRANCIS TURBINE

Shaft Spiral Casing

FRANCIS TURBINE

FRANCIS TURBINE-PLAN & SECTION

2. FRANCIS Vs. KAPLAN

P= 50 MW
TYPE

H= 50 m

Shaft Runner Suctio Draft speed diameter n head Tube (rpm) (m) (m) Length (m) FRANCIS 179 3.55 -1.6 16.19 KAPLAN 213 3.83 -6.3 18.47

Reference: Water Power & Dam Construction January 1978

3. PELTON Vs. FRANCIS

H= 400 m
TYPE

P= 50 MW

PELTON FRANCIS

Shaft Runner Suctio Draft speed diamete n head Tube (rpm) r (m) Length (m) (m) 375 2.75 2.55 ---600 1.40 -3.30 11.00

Reference: Water Power & Dam Construction December 1978

Kaplan turbine

Kaplan Turbine :

Kaplan Turbine Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine.The water flows through the runn of the turbine in an axial direction and the energy the inlet of the turbine is the sum of kinetic and pressure energy . In an axial flow reaction turbine the shaft is vertical. The lower end of the shaft is larger and is known as hub or boss. It is on this hub that the vanes are attached. If the vanes are adjustable then it is known as kaplan Turbine and the vanes are non adjustable then it is known as

Main parts of a Kaplan Turbine

Scroll Casing Guide vane Mechanism Hubb with Vanes Draft Tube

X-SECTION THROUGH KAPLAN TURBINE

Kaplan Turbine Runner

Hubb or Boss

V a n e s

Vanes o

Working Principle of Kaplan Turbine

he water enters the turbine through the guide vanes which are aligned such as to give the flow a suitable egree of swirl. The flow from guide vanes pass through he curved passage which forces the radial flow to axial irection. The axial flow of water with a component of swirl pplies force on the blades of the rotor and looses its momentum, both linear and angular, producing torque and otation (their product is power) in the shaft. The scheme or production of hydroelectricity by Kaplan Turbine is ame as that for Francis Turbine.

Hydraulic efficiency

Runner blade angle f = constant

Flow rate Q

Runner of a PELTON TURBINE or Vanes Buckets

Runner Hubb or Boss

Splitter

Shaft

Pelton Turbine
In a Pelton wheel or Pelton Turbine,water strikes the vanes along the tangent of the Runner and the energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy, therefore it is a tangential flow Impulse Turbine. This Turbine is used for high head.

Main Parts of a Pelton Wheel

Nozzle-: It controls the amount of water striking the
vanes of Runner Casing-: It is used to prevent the splashing of water and plays no part of Power Generation. Runner with Buckets-: Runner is a circular disk on the periphery of which a number of evently spaced buckets are fixed.

Breaking Jet-: To stop the Runner in short time.

6 JET PELTON TURBINE

Runner Hubb or Boss

Nozzle

Bucket or Wheel or V

PELTON TURBINE

Jet(Current of water)

Working Principle of Pelton Wheel or Pelton Turbibne

The high speed water(Jet) coming out of the Noz strikes the splitter ,which divides the jet into two e streams.These stream flow along the inner curve bucket and leave it in the direction opposite to tha incoming jet.The high pressure water can be obta from any water body situited at some heights or st of water flowing down the hills. The change in mo (direction as well as speed) of water stream produ impulse on the blades of the wheel of Pelton Turb impulse generates the torque and rotation in the s Pelton Turbine.

X-SECTION THROUGH

POWER HOUSE (December 2000)

BUTTERFLY VALVE

SPHERICAL VALVE

SPHERICAL VALVE

FACTOR INFLUENCING SELECTION OF TURBINE

Francis turbine requires less space and operate at higher

running speed. Hydraulically Francis turbine is more favourable because it can utilise the head down to the lowest tail water level, whereas impulse turbine has to be set up with a clearance of few meters above TWL. Because of lower setting, Francis turbine requires more excavation works. Francis turbine involves extensive dismantling for replacement of worn out labyrinth, runners, guide vane etc. Whereas replacement is easy in case of impulse turbine.

Thus, the choice in each case is based on technical, economical and operative requirements including transportation limits.

PROCEDURE FOR DIMENSIONING OF POWER HOUSE

Head Calculation. Selection of specific speed and synchronous speed of turbine. Fixing the turbine setting Calculation of discharge diameter. Calculation of spiral case dimensions Calculation of draft tube dimensions Calculation of Generator dimensions. Finalization of overall dimensions of the power house.

BAIRA SIUL H.E. PROJECT

LOKTAK H.E. PROJECT

SALAL H.E. PROJECT

URI H.E. PROJECT

TANAKPUR H.E. PROJECT

RANGIT H.E. PROJECT

DULHASTI H.E. PROJECT

DHAULIGANGA H.E. PROJECT

TEESTA H.E. PROJECT STAGE-V

LOKTAK D/S H.E. PROJECT

PARBATI H.E. PROJECT STAGE-II

CHAMERA H.E. PROJECT