OPTICAL FIBRES

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTION TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBRES FORMS OF OPTICAL FIBRES WORKING OF OPTICAL FIBRES FIBRE LOSSES ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBRE CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
An optical fiber is a transparent thin fiber for transmitting light. A viable alternative to copper.

OPTICAL FIBRE
Thin Strands of very pure glass.
Uses property of Total internal reflection Transmit light signals over long distances.

 Core
Thin glass centre

Cladding
Outer optical material which surrounds core. Reflects signals back into core.

Buffer Coating
Plastic coating Protects Fibre

Types Of Optical Fibres

Single Mode Fibres(SMF) Multi Mode Fibres(MMF)

Single Mode Fibres

Supports only one mode of propagation Smaller core diameter

SINGLE MODE FIBRE

Multi Mode Fibres

Supports number of modes of propogation. Larger core diameter.

MULTI MODE FIBRE

Step Index Fibres

Single Mode
Thin Core of diameter 4 micro mtr. Refractive Index steps up at the core cladding boundary. Light travels in single path.

 Multi mode
Thick Core Of Diameter 100 micro mtr. Light Follows Zig-zag Paths-many paths.

STEP INDEX FIBRE

Graded Index Fibre(GRIN)

Refractive index changes in core-Quadratic profile. Decreases on increasing radial distance.
Multi mode Fibre

GRADED INDEX FIBRE

Forms Of Optical Fibres

All Glass Fibres
PCS Fibres All Plastic Fibres

All Glass Fibres

Core made of Silica doped with various oxides.
Cladding made of pure silica. Exhibits very low losses. Used for long distance Communication.

PCS Fibres
Core made of high purity Quartz.
Cladding made of a transparent polymer. Less Expensive. Exhibit high losses.

All Plastic Fibres

Perspex and polysterene are used for Core. Flourocarbon polymer or silicone resin used for Cladding. Large Numerical Aperture Less Expensive. High Mechanical Flexibility. Temperature Sensitive. Exhibit very high losses. Used in low cost applications.

Applications Of Optical Fibres

Communication Applications Medical Applications Military Applications Entertainment Applications

Advantages
Less Expensive
Large data carrying capacity Low loss per unit length Immune to EMI and RFI Reduces Cross-talk possibility Have wider bandwidth High flexibility and Mechanically strong

Disadvantages

Need for more expensive optical transmitters and receivers. More difficult and expensive to splice than wires. Cannot carry electrical power to operate terminal devices.

Transmission Of Light

 Acceptance angle
Maximum angle of incidence With respect to axis of fibre

Acceptance cone
Cone of light rays Cone angle=2*acceptance angle

 Fractional Refractive Index Change

Fractional Refractive indices difference between Core and Cladding. Always positive for effective transmission.

Numerical Aperture
Determines light gathering ability of Fibres. Sine of Acceptance angle Depends on Refractive indices of Core and Cladding.

Fibre Losses
Absorption
Rayleigh scattering Geometric effects

CONCLUSION
Over the last few years fibre optic technology has advanced at a tremendous rate. Fibre optic technology is far from being plateaued.

QUERIES

THANKYOU