CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS FOR RURAL ROADS

By Sri P. Ganeswara Rao,

M. Tech.,(Structures)

Chief Engineer, PR, Vig & QC

Concrete pavements offer an alternative to flexible pavements especially where

the soil strength is poor the aggregates are costly drainage conditions are bad (as in portions of the roads passing through villages and water logged areas) at steep gradients

Concrete Pavements may be

Conventional screed - compacted pavements Roller Compacted Concrete Pavements (RCCP) Interlocking Concrete Block pavements (ICBP)

Types of Joints
During construction of CC pavement proper joints are to be provided. For single lane roads, only transverse joints are to be provided. They are of three types.
Contraction Joints Construction Joints Expansion Joints

Contraction and Construction Joints spacing: The spacing of transverse contraction joints or construction joints in alternate bay construction may be kept 2.50m to 3.75m. The length of the panel (in the direction of traffic) shall not be less than the width of the panel. Expansion Joints Expansion Joints are necessary where concrete slabs abut with bridges and culverts. Longitudinal Joints: Where the width of concrete slab exceeds 4.5m as in the case of cause ways etc., it is necessary to provide longitudinal joint. In case of Roller Compacted Concrete Pavements, the contraction joints may be formed by cutting joints with concrete saw. The cutting can be done as early as 6-7 hours after laying of concrete. Proper care shall be taken while cutting without formation of cracks.

Materials: Cement: PPC is preferable to OPC. Fly ash can be used as a partial replacement of OPC (53 grade) cement upto 35 percent. The fly ash shall confirm to IS:3812-2004. Cement shall be stored above ground level in perfectly dry place and shall not be stacked more than 8 bags height. It should be cleared atleast once every 3 months.

Aggregate: In case the aggregates are not found to be free from dirt, the same may be washed and drained for 72 hours before batching. The coarse aggregates shall not have flakiness more than 35 percent. Coarse Aggregate: The maximum size of coarse aggregate shall not exceed 25mm. The wet impact value shall not be more than 30 percent. Fine Aggregate: It is clear natural sand or crushed stone sand or combination of the two. The fine aggregate shall not contain substances more than the following:
Clay lumps 4 percent Coal and lignite 1 percent Material passing IS Sieve No. 75 Micron: 4 percent in natural sand, 15 percent in case of crushed stone.

Blending Aggregates: The coarse and fine aggregates shall be blended. The material after blending shall confirm to the grading given below:

Sieve Designation in mm

Percentage passing the sieve by weight

26.5 19 9.5 4.75 600 microns 75 microns

100 80-100 55-75 35-60 10-35 0-8

Water: Water used for mixing and curing of concrete shall be clean and free from oil, salt, acid, vegetable matter, etc., which are harmful to the finished concrete. Admixtures: Admixtures may be used to improve workability of concrete or extension of setting time.

Mix Design:
Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement (RCCP): Mix design of RCCP is totally different from the design of mix for a conventional cement concrete pavement as the Abrahms water/cement ratio law does not hold good. The water content may be in range of 4 to 7 percent by weight of dry materials including cement which is to be properly designed. The optimum moisture content which gives the maximum density shall be established.

Concrete compacted by Vibratory Screeds, needle vibrators, hand tampers and plate compactors: The mix design is initially carried out in the laboratory keeping in view the desired characteristic strength, the degree of workability water cement ratio, size of aggregates, etc. The laboratory trial mixes shall be tried out in the field.

Construction
Sub base Sub base material should have CBR value more than 20. Its thickness shall be 150mm. Minimum thickness shall be 75mm and it should be properly compacted. Form Work: Mild Steel Channel sections of depth equal to the thickness of the pavement shall be used as side forms. The section shall have a length atleast 3.0 m. The forms shall remain in their place not less than 12 hours after the concrete has been placed. Form work can be dispensed with if a Paver is used. Placing concrete While being placed, the concrete shall be rodded with suitable tools so that the formation of voids or honeycomb pockets are avoided. Compaction: The concrete can be compacted by vibratory roller or by screed vibrators. Finishing: Finishing shall be done with hand belt of size 200mm width and atleast 1.0m longer than the width of the slab. After belting, broom finishing with 450mm wide steel or fibre brooms shall be given. Brooming shall be perpendicular to centre line of the pavement. After brooming, the edge of the slab shall be carefully finished with an edge tool of 6mm radius.

Transverse Joints: Contraction Joints shall be formed by mechanically sawing a joint groove 3 to 5mm vide and 1/4 to 1/3 depth of the slab soon after the initial set of the concrete. In case of construction of alternate panels in chequered construction this operation is not necessary. Construction joints shall be placed whenever concreting is completed after a days work or is suspended for more than 90 minutes. Expansion joints are provided at abutments of bridges and culverts. The width of the expansion joint shall be 20mm. Curing: As soon as the concrete surface is compacted, curing shall commence. The initial curing shall be done by the application of curing compound followed by covering the pavement surface entirely with burlap or jute mats for 24 hours after the concrete has been placed. After the initial curing, the final curing shall be done by ponding or continuing with burlap. Ponding can be done by constructing earth dykes duly spreading a blanket layer of sand over the exposed pavement for 14 days.

Removal of Forms: Forms shall be removed only after the concrete has set for atleast 12 hours. They shall be carefully removed without causing damage to the edge of the pavement. After removal of forms, if any honey combs are found, they are to be pointed with 1:2 cement sand mortar. After removal of forms the sides shall be covered with earth to the level of the slab. Opening to Traffic: The freshly laid concrete shall be protected by suitable barricades to exclude traffic. No vehicular traffic shall be allowed for a period of 90 days.

Sealing of Joints: Before sealing, the dirt in the grooves shall be removed. Sealing shall be done by a hot applied rubberized bituminous sealant. Precautions shall be taken so that sealant shall not spill on the exposed surface of the concrete. Surface Regularity: The surface regularity shall be checked with a straight edge of 3m length. The tolerance in this length shall not exceed 8mm. Quality Control Atleast 6 beam and 6 cube specimens shall be sampled, one set of 3 cubes and 3 beams each for 7 day and 28 day strength tests for every 100cum of concrete or a days work. A quality control chart indicating the strength values of individual specimens shall be maintained.

Cracks in concrete slabs

The cement concrete slabs may develop cracks if proper care is not taken either during construction stage or during post construction period. It is primarily due to plastic shrinkage or drying shrinkage. Cracks can appear generally due to the following: Plastic shrinkage of concrete surface due to rapid loss of moisture. Drying shrinkage. High wind velocity associated with low humidity. High ambient temperature. Delayed sawing of joints. Rough and uneven surface of the base on which concrete slabs are constructed. Combination of the above factors. The slabs with full depth cracks are totally unacceptable as it amounts to structural failure. The lengths of single crack in any panel shall not be more than 750mm even though its depth is less than half the depth of the slab. The cumulative length of cracks with depth of crack less than half the depth of the slab in a panel shall not be more than 1250mm. Slabs with cracks more than half of the slab depth shall not be accepted.