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Basic Relationships
l
Must maintain overall Static Equilibrium. L L Force of a ( x ) dx = g = Weight of the Ship g Buoyancy m ( x ) dx
0 0
g x a ( x ) dx = g x m ( x ) dx
0 0
Basic Relationships
l
From Beam Theory governing equation for bending moment: d 2m Where f(x) is a distributed = f ( x ) vertical load. dx 2 Beam is experiencing bending due to the differences between the Weight and Buoyancy distributions
f ( x) = b( x ) w( x)
Net Load Buoyancy g a(x) Weight g m(x)
Basic Relationships
buoyancy curve b(x) weight curve w(x)
+ f
Basic Relationships
l l
The solution for M(x) requires two integrations: The first integration yields the transverse shear force distribution, Q(x)
Impose static equilibrium on a differential element f Q + f dx Q + dQ
) =0
M Q dx
Q + dQ
M + dM
x 0
dQ f = dx
Q ( x ) = f ( x ) dx + C
But ships are Free-Free Beams - No shear at ends! Q(0) = 0 and Q(L) = 0, so C = 0
Sign Convention
+ f:
Shear Force Q
Positiv e Upwar ds
+ Q Q
+ Q:
Positive Clockwis e
Basic Relationships
l
The second integration yields the longitudinal bending moment distribution, M(x):
Sum of the moments about the right hand side 0 f 0 = dx
M + Q dx + f dx
M Q dx
Q + dQ M + dM
2 dM Q= dx
x 0
M dM = 0
M ( x ) = Q ( x ) dx + D
Again, ships are Free-Free Beams - No moment at ends! M(0) = 0 and M(L) = 0, so D = 0
Bending Moment M
+M :
Positiv e Saggin g
Zero shear and bending moments at the ends. Points of zero net load correspond to points of minimum or maximum shear. Points of zero shear correspond to points of minimum or maximum bending moment. Points of minimum or maximum shear correspond to inflection points on bending moment curve. On ships, there is no shear or bending moments at the forward or aft ends.
l l
Static Analysis - No Waves Present Most Warships tend to Sag in this Condition Putting Deck in Compression Putting Bottom in Tension
Quasi-Static Analysis
l l
Simplified way to treat dynamic effect of waves on hull girder bending Attempts to choose two worst caseconditions and analyze them.
Hogging Wave Condition
Wave with crest at bow, trough at midships, crest at stern.
H = 1.1 LBP
The wave usually chosen for this analysis is a Trochoidal wave. It has a steeper crest and flatter trough. Chosen because it gives a better representation of an actual sea wave than a sinusoidal wave. Some use a cnoidal wave for shallow water as it has even steeper crests.
10
-10
-15
-20
Lenght (ft)
Sagging Wave
Compression
Tensio n
Hogging Wave
Tensio n
Compression
The weight curve can be generated by numerous methods: Distinct Items (same method as for LCG) Parabolic approximation Trapezoidal approximation Biles Method (similar to trapezoidal) They all give similar results for shear and bending moment calculations. Select based on the easiest in your situation.
composite
35 35 composite w/veneer 12 composite w/veneer 34 composite w/veneer 4 composite w/veneer 27 composite w/veneer composite w/veneer wood plywood & teak honeycomb/vynal 17 25 10 29 24
0.77 3.00 1.02 1.02 1.28 1.28 1.02 1.85 5.00 2.50 0.50
27 105
10.50 10.50
1.25 1.50
12 35 5 5 35
10
17 46 50 71 12
282.98 1102.50 146.88 416.16 74.24 72.50 518.40 150.00 290.45 791.43 750.00 1168.50 204.00
33.69 157.50 30.60 34.68 12.80 12.50 69.12 30.00 52.02 91.76 25.00 -35.63 75.00
100
80
60
40
20
Weight Item Informati on each weight item, need W, lcg, fwd and aft l For
W
fwd lcg aft FP
Trapezoi d Method
l l l
Models weight item as a trapezoid Best used for semi-concentrated weight items Need the following information:
Item weight W (or mass, M) Location of weight centroid wrt FP - lcg Forward boundary wrt FP - fwd Aft boundary wrt FP - aft
Trapezoid Method
l l
Find l and x Solve for wf and wa so trapezoids area equals W and the centroid is at the lcg
x
lcg
FP
W Wx wa = + 6 2 l l W Wx wf = 6 2 l l
wa
w f l aft
l/2
fwd
Biles Method
l l l l
Used for weight items which are nearly continuous over the length of the ship. Assumes that weight decreases near bow & stern. Assumes that there is a significant amount of parallel middle body. Models the material with two trapezoids and a rectangle.
Biles Method
lcg
G
wa
l 3
1.2h
wf
l 3 l 3
aft
FP
Tension, Bending and ShearBending, Shear Compression and and Membrane Shear Hull shell, deck, blkhd, tank top Undetermined Stiffeners on blkhd, shell Unstiffened shell
Examples Boundaries