Window

A framework of timber, metal or plastic material which is prepared to support a sheet of glass in a vertical or near vertical position

Window Functions:

allow entry of light and air interior of building (mbenarkn kemasukan chy & udara) ventilation (pengudaraan) stand with the climate condition (tahan cuaca) protects the interior from :
dust and dirt,

offensive odors, and

injurious gases

Parts of Windows
Casement frame head

Windows frame hinge

sill

post

Pivoted Windows
Pivoted windows are hinged at the side and crank outward. Pivoted windows give you unobstructed views top to bottom and side by side. They open fully catching breezes and directing the flow of fresh air into your home. Types of casement windows: a) horizontally hung (berpangsi mengufuk) b) vertically hung(berpangsi menegak) c) ram

Hinged Windows(tingkap berengsel)

Awning windows have a hinge at the top and open outward Why To Choose Them When positioned high on walls, hinged windows can catch a breeze from any direction and provide light to a room while maintaining privacy. Also, they can be opened slightly to allow ventilation during light rain showers. Where to Place Them Hinged windows can be positioned in a row, column, or against other windows, creating walls of light that are both beautiful and functional. They are often used to flank picture windows.

Sliding Windows
Some people find out that sliding windows are easier to open then crank-outs such as pivoted and hinged windows. The contemporary look of sliding windows make them most appropriate for modern home styles Two types of sliding windows: a. Sliding horizontally(gelangsar menegak) b. Sliding Vertically (gelangsar ufuk)

Compound Windows(tgkp majmuk)

Casement Windows
rectangle frame shape made from wood or aluminum.

DOORS

Doors, Door Frames and Linings

Doors form an important part of joinery work, it is a screen which is used to seal an opening into a building or between rooms in a building. There are 4 factors that need to be considered in doors construction: a. Shaped stability and strength b. Safety c. Sound and thermal insulation d. Fire resistance

 Door can be designed to swing from one edge, slide, slide and fold or roll to close an opening. It classified by their position in a building by their function or by their method of construction. External Doors provide security in the building, need to be weather resistance (thickness, stability, durability of the construction and materials, paint or polish) Internal Doors close the access. Weather protection is no require, it is thinner than external counterparts.

Types of Doors
Panelled and glazed wood doors Flush doors Flush fire doors Match boarded doors

Panelled and Glazed Wood Doors

It is constructed of timber with plywood or glass panels. Plywood made with moisture-resistance adhesive for interior door and waterinsoluble adhesive for both faces of external doors Dowelled joint or a mortise and tenon joint used in framing the doors Panelled doors are widely used as wood casement doors and in high-class work.

COMPONENT OF PANEL DOORS

STANDARD PANELLED DOORS

Flush Doors
Popular in used Has a large smooth surfaces, easy to clean and decorate, free of the mouldings which collect dust. - skeleton core doors - solid core doors Solid Core Doors: has excellent fire-check, security and sound-reducing qualities - strongest Skeleton Core Doors: are create by infill the voids with lightweight material (foamed plastic) give support to the facings.

SKELETEON CORE

SOLID CORE

FLUSH DOORS

Flush Fire Doors

Provide effective barrier to the passage of fire for the time designed normally within 1 hour. Stable, fire precautions in the design.

Match Boarded Doors

Not attractive Mainly used as external doors Two form of standard match boarded doors.
Ledged and braced door -simplest form -Cheap to construct -Being able to drop at the closing edge Frame ledged and braced door. -Are fixed between the edges -Mortise and tenoned frameadd doors strength and rigidity -More expensive, but stronger and better appearance.

MATCH BOARDED DOORS

MATCH BOARDED DOUBLE DOORS

WALLS

Internal Influences on the wall

Warmth from heating appliances via convection Radiation or conduction Vapor due to mans way living Damp, due to condensation of vapor and possible cooling due to air conditioning

External Influences on the wall

Heating of external surface area by sunshine and warm air rising up the facade Impact of rain and hail and consequent running water and penetration Drying and cooling by wind Dust and other particles Sound waves and vibration due to traffic

Wall Functionality
External Walls Internal walls

External & Internal Walls

Functional Requirement: Strength and stability Weather exclusion and durability Thermal insulation Sound insulation Fire resistance Appearance The fundamental function of internal walls is to partition or divide the floor area of a dwelling into compartments or room

Walls Classification

1. Load Bearing Walls 2. Non-load Bearing Walls

Load Bearing Walls

Transferring structural load from the upper structure to the lower structure

Load bearing wall supported the load from roof

Non-load Bearing Walls

Walls in the building that are not taking any structural loads
Load bearing wall

Roof

Non load bearing wall

STAIRS

Function of Stairs
1.Stair is a way providing access from one floor to another 2.It also provide a degree of insulation where part of a separating element between compartments in a building 3.Stairs provide a suitable means of escape in case of fire.

Types of Stairs
There are 4 types of stairs that are usually use in building as internal fixtures :-

Straight Run Staircase Quarter Twist Staircase Half Twist Staircase Geometric Staircase

STRAIGHT RUN STAIRCASE

HALF TWIST STAIRCASE

QUARTER TWIST STAIRCASE

GEOMETRIC STAIRCASES

ROOFS

The functional requirement of a roof

WEATHER PROTECTION
Protect a building from the damaging effect of rain, wind, snow and heat. Ingress of rain and snow can damage decorations and structural damage to timber and other materials due to attack by fungus and insects. Wind may be deflected around a building, resulting in the occurrence of suction on the windward slope of a roof

STRUCTURAL STABILITY
Is necessary in order to provide a means of support for the roof covering Must take into account the span of structural members. If the span of a joist or other structural member is too great, it will bend

GOOD APPEARENCE
The roof might be a major visual element in the design of a building. Actually three type of roof was classified base on shape : i. Traditional roof shape ii. Modern roof shape iii. Different treatments for eaves and verge

TRADITIONAL ROOF SHAPE

MODERN ROOF SHAPE

DIFFERENT TREATMENT

THERMAL INSULATION
The roof constitutes a substantial proportion of external surface area of a building and consequently has considerable potential for heat loss

Roof insulation consists of either :Flexible materials ( such as glass-fiber quilting ) Boards ( such as expended polystyrene ) Loose granules ( such as perlite ) Thermal insulation for pitched roofs Insulation above rafters
Insulation between ceiling joist

Thermal insulation for roofs

Eaves ventilation for pitched roof

Insulation above decking of flat roof

THERMAL INSULATION FOR PICTHED ROOFS

THERMAL INSULATION FOR ROOFS

SOUND INSULATION
The degree of sound insulation offered by roofs of domestic building is usually adequate to reduce external noise ( such as aircraft ) to an acceptable level In areas which suffer from excessive levels of noise interface, special forms of roof construction may be necessary. A concrete roof, being of dense material, will provide a noise reduction similar to that of typical brick or block external walls. Most domestic timber roof constructions will provide a noise reduction less than that of a brick or block wall, but somewhat better than of a single-glazed window.

PROTECTION FROM FIRE

A roof could contribute to the spread of fire either:
Within a building

From one building to another

WITHIN A BUILDING
Some factory roofs consist of a covering material, separated by an air space from a layer of insulation material. Fires within such buildings could spread through the air space causing burning pieces of insulation material to fall elsewhere in the building
Measure design to combat this problem include : Using non-combustible insulation material Restricting the area of air gap Fixing the insulation in such a way that no air gap exists

FROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHER

Roof constructions are designated with two letter in accordance British Standard Test (BS 476: PART 3: 1958)

To resistance to external penetration from fire. To resistance to spread of flame over the outer Each letter ranges from A (good) to D (poor)

DRAINAGE SYSTEM
PITCHED ROOFS
During heavy storms, large quantities of water fall on a roof. Water falling down the surface of a pitched roof is collected at the lower end in a gutter. A vertical pipe connected to the underside of the gutter (Down pipe) carries the rain-water to ground level The lower end of the down pipe discharges the rain-water into a gully which is a clayware or plastic chamber installed below ground level. The down pipe is connected to the upper end of gully, and the lower end of the gully connects to the drain. The gullies are trapped, ( shape with a bend which allows water to remain in the gully The trap prevents the escape of any noxious gases from the drain, which otherwise could rise up the down pipe and into the open air

DRAINAGE SYSTEM
FLAT ROOF
Flat roofs are designed and built to slope slightly in one direction. This slope is known as the Fall of a roof. At the lower end of the fall, a gutter and down pipe Alternatively, the edge of the roof could be raised, which in effect forms a gutter. In this case, the down pipe is installed inside the building. Whilst it is usual to calculate the sizes of gutter and down pipes for roofs of large buildings, a typical domestic pitched roof would usually require 100 mm diameter gutters and 62 mm diameter down pipes

ROOFING STYLE.

MANSARD
A couple planed hip roof. CROSS GABLE ROOF

Pair of gable roofs set a right angles to each other

HIP ON GABLE

SHED

A partial hip applied to the peak of gable roof

A roof that starts at the eaves of the existing roof and continues at a lower pitch GABLE Two pitch roof, back to back,forming a rectangular roof.

GAMBREL ROOF A gable type roof with breaks in the planes

PYRAMID
A hip roof built on a square base with eaves of the same length

HIP AND GABLE A combination hip and gable where the hip end partially up the gable.

HIP WITH CROSS GABLE A central hip with crossing gables.

Gable A very triangular roof, the gable allows rain and snow to run off easily.

Cross Gable This is like the gable roof, but has two parts that cross.

Flat A flat roof is exactly that - flat. It is easy to build and uses few materials.

Mansard A French gable roof. The difference is that the mansard has a flat area at the top instead of being perfectly triangular. These are common in French Chateau houses and Second Empire style houses.

Hipped A low-pitched roof that allows rain and snow to run off easily, the hipped roof also allows for large eaves on a building.

Cross Hipped Similar to a hipped roof, but this roof has two parts that cross .

Pyramidal A hipped roof that forms a pyramid shape.

Barrel vault Barrel vault are commonly installed in commercial and industrial buildings as well as large public buildings such as hall and factory.

Shed Similar to a gable roof, as it allows rain and snow to run off easily. This is one of the easiest roofs to build.

Saltbox Similar to a gable roof, but the two sides of it are not symmetrical.

Gambrel This roof looks more bell-like than triangular when viewed from the side. It is like a flattened gable roof. Many farms have gambrel roofs.

Roof Classification
Roofs can be covered with many different materials. These can be arranged into two groups: 1. Steep / Pitched roofs, 10< angle of slope < 70 (notes: angle of slope above 70 classified as wall) 2. Low-slope / Low-pitched roofs (flat roof), angle of slope < 10