CORPORATE PLANNING AND STRATEGIC HRM

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Planning

Planning is the most basic of all managerial functions. It involves selecting mission and objectives and the actions to achieve them. Plans provide a rational approach to achieving preselected objectives.

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Corporate Planning Corporate Planning gives the high-level, longhorizon plan that identifies financial opportunities and links them directly and tactically to key value-driven business strategies.

It links those financial KPIs with pragmatic operational cause and effect indicators and help tie those opportunities to plan and optimize at a high level over the long term.

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

BUSINESS POLICY

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BUSINESS POLICY Definition Business policy is the study of the functions and responsibilities of senior management, the crucial problem that affect the success in the total enterprise, and the decision that determine the direction of the organisation and shape its future. The problems of policy in business, like those of policy in public affairs, have to do with the choice of purposes, the moulding of orgaisational identity and character, the continuous definition of what needs to be done, and the mobilisation of resources for the attainment of goals in the face of competition or adverse circumstances.
Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Christensen and others

The definition covers

1. It is considered as the study and of the functions and responsibilities of the senior management. 2. It relates to those organisational problem that affect the success of the total enterprises. 3. It determines the future course of action that an organisation has to adopt. 4. It involves choosing the purpose. 5. It defines what needs to be done in order to mould the character and identity of organisation. 6. It is concerned with mobilisation of resources, which help the organisation to achieve its goals.
Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Characteristics of Business Policy

Definite and clear policies help to prevent deviations from accepted course and helps in achieving desired goal and therefore the characteristics are:

Simplicity Clarity Flexibility Certainty

Consistency Comprehensive Relevant Stability

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Traditional Planning Vs. Strategic Planning

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Traditional Planning Vs. Strategic Planning

Strategic Planning
1.

Traditional Planning
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

It is concerned with new objectives and strategies. It combines activities that form an unique value chain It is performed by top management It is integrated and have corporate level and business level approach It has less procedures and may trade in unchartered path

2.

3.

4.

5.

It is concerned with goal derived from established objectives It is concerned with individual objectives May be carried out lower management It is more functional or unit wise or departmental wise approach. It deals with goals that is validated through past experiences

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Strategic Management

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

STRATEGY The word strategy, deriving from the Greek noun strategus, meaning commander in chief, was first used in the English language in 1656. The development and usage of the word suggests that it is composed of stratos (army) and agein (to lead).

In a management context, the word strategy has now replaced the more traditional term long-term planning to denote a specific pattern of decisions and actions
Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Strategic Management In the descriptive and prescriptive management texts, strategic management appears as a cycle in which several activities follow and feed upon one another. The strategic management process is typically broken down into five steps

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Model of Strategic Management

Step 1 VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT SCANNING ENVIRONMENT

Step 2

Step 3

DEVELOPING STRATEGIC CHOICES

Step 4

IMPLEMENTATION

Step 5

EVALUATION
Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Vision and Mission Statement The first step in the strategic management model begins with senior managers evaluating their position in relation to the organizations current mission and goals. The mission describes the organizations values and aspirations; it indicates the direction in which senior management is going. Goals are the desired ends sought through the actual operating procedures of the organization and typically describe short-term measurable outcomes.
Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Scanning Environment Environmental analysis looks at the internal organizational strengths and weak-nesses and the external environment for opportunities and threats. The factors that are most important to the organizations future are referred to as strategic factors and can be summarized by the acronym SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats.
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Developing Strategic Choices Strategic formulation or developing strategic choices involves senior managers evaluating the interaction between strategic factors and making strategic choices that guide managers to meet the organizations goals. Some strategies are formulated at the corporate, business and specific functional levels. The term strategic choice raises the question of who makes decisions and why they are made.
Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Implementation Strategy implementation is an area of activity that focuses on the techniques used by managers to implement their strategies. In particular, it refers to activities that deal with leadership style, the structure of the organization, the information and control systems, and the management of human resources. Leadership is the most important and difficult part of the strategic implementation process.
Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Evaluation Strategy evaluation is an activity that determines to what extent the actual change and performance match the desired change and performance.

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Conclusion The strategic management model depicts the five major activities as forming a rational and linear process. It is, however, important to note that it is a normative model, that is, it shows how strategic management should be done rather than describing what is actually done by senior managers. The strategic decision-making implies a potential gap between the theoretical model and reality.
Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Levels of Strategy

1. Corporate Level Strategies 2. Business Level Strategies 3. Functional Level Strategies

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Corporate Level Strategies Corporate level strategies are basically about decisions related to allocating resources among the different businesses of a firm, transferring resources from one set of business to others and managing and nurturing a portfolio of business in such a way that the overall corporate objectives are achieved. An analysis based on business definition provides a set of strategic alternatives that an organisation can consider.

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Business Level Strategies Business Level Strategies are the courses of action adopted by a firm for each of its businesses separately to serve identified customer groups and provide value to customer by satisfaction of their needs
In the process the firm uses its competencies to gain, sustain, and enhance its strategic or competitive advantage.

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Functional Level Strategies Functional Level Strategies deals with a relatively restricted plan which provides the objectives for a specific function, for the allocation of resources among different operations within that functional area and for enabling a coordination between them for an optimal contribution to the achievement of the business and corporate level objectives. Functional strategies are implemented through functional and operational implementation.
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STRATEGIC ANALYSIS AND CHOICE

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Strategic Choice

Process of strategic choice consists of following four steps: 1. Focusing on alternatives 2. Considering the selection factors 3. Evaluation of strategic alternatives 4. Making the strategic choice

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Focusing on alternatives

The aim of focusing on alternative is to narrow down the choice to a manageable number of feasible strategies. A decision maker would, in practice, limit the choice to a few alternatives, rather focuses on reasonable number of alternatives.

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Considering the selection factors

It determines the criteria on which the evaluation of strategic alternatives can be based. It can be divided into two groups:
1. Objective Factors: Based on analytical techniques. 2. Subjective Factors: Based on personal judgment.

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Evaluation of strategic alternatives

It basically involves bringing together the results of the analysis carried out on the basis of the objective and subjective factors. There is no set procedure and strategists may use any approach which suits the circumstances. Both objective and subjective factors have to be considered together.

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

Making the strategic choice

This leads to a clear assessment of which alternative is the most suitable under the existing conditions. One or more strategies has to be chosen for implementation. A blueprint that will describe the strategies and the conditions under which they would operate has to be made.

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Strategic Analysis Nature of Strategy Analysis

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Establishing long-term objectives Generating alternative strategies Selecting strategies to pursue Best alternative - achieve mission & objectives

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Strategic Analysis

Corporate Level
The analysis focuses on the question of what should a corporate entity do regarding the several business that are there in its portfolio. It can be done through corporate portfolio analysis and various techniques like BCG matrix etc.

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Strategic Analysis

Business Level
It refers to industry and competition analysis. The industry and competition are vital for consideration in making strategic choice. Porters five forces model, experience curve analysis, SWOT analysis etc. help in business level analysis.

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SWOT ANALYSIS

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SWOT Matrix

Four Types of Strategies

Strengths-Opportunities (SO) Weaknesses-Opportunities (WO) Strengths-Threats (ST) Weaknesses-Threats (WT)

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

SO Strategies

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats SWOT

SO Strategies

Use a firms internal strengths to take advantage of external opportunities

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WO Strategies

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats SWOT

WO Strategies

Improving internal weaknesses by taking advantage of external opportunities

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ST Strategies

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats SWOT

ST Strategies

Use a firms strengths to avoid or reduce the impact of external threats

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

WT Strategies

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats SWOT

WT Strategies

Defensive tactics aimed at reducing internal weaknesses & avoiding environmental threats

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

SWOT Matrix
Strengths S Leave Blank Opportunities O
List Opportunities List Strengths

Weaknesses W
List Weaknesses

SO Strategies
Use strengths to take advantage of opportunities

WO Strategies
Overcoming weaknesses by taking advantage of opportunities

Threats T
List Threats

ST Strategies
Use strengths to avoid threats

WT Strategies
Minimize weaknesses and avoid threats

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

GE Nine-Cell Matrix

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GE Nine-Cell Matrix

This is based on the pioneering efforts of the General Electric (GE) company of the US and supported by the consulting firm McKinsey & Company of the US. It is a typical 9 cell Matrix.

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GE Nine-Cell Matrix
The vertical axis represents industry attractiveness, which is a weighted composite rating based on eight different factors. These factors are: 1. Market size and growth rate 2. Industry profit margin 3. Competitive intensity 4. Seasonality 5. Cyclicality 6. Economics of scale 7. Technology and social environment 8. Legal and human aspects
Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

GE Nine-Cell Matrix
The horizontal axis represents business strength competitive position which a weighted composite rating based on seven factors. These seven factors are:

1. Relative market share 2. Profit margins 3. Ability to compete on price & quality 4. Knowledge of customer and market 5. Competitive strength and weaknesses 6. Technological capability 7. Calibre management
Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

GE Nine-Cell Matrix

The two composite values for industry attractiveness and business strength/competitive position are plotted for each business in a companys portfolio. The pie chart circles denote the proportional size of the industry and the dark segment represent the companys market share.

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

GE Nine-Cell Matrix The 9 cell matrix are grouped on the basis of low to high industry attractiveness, and weak to strong business strength. The zones of three cells each are made, denoting different combinations represented by green, yellow, and red colours. The green zone indicates expansion strategies, yellow zone suggests stability and consolidation and red zone suggests retrenchment, liquidation, or turnaround.

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

GE Nine-Cell Matrix
Industry Attractiveness
10.0

Strong

6.7

Average

3.3

Weak

1.0

High
6.7

Medium
3.3

Low
1.0

Business Strength and competitive Position

Rating Scale: 1 = Weak ; 10 = Strong Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

GE Nine-Cell Matrix
Advantages over BCG Matrix: It offers and intermediate classification of medium and average ratings.

It incorporates a larger variety of strategic variables like the market share and industry size.
It is a powerful analytical tool to channel corporate resources to business that combine medium to high industry attractiveness with an average to strong business strength/competitive position.

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA

GE Nine-Cell Matrix

Drawback of the 9 cell matrix: It only provides a broad strategic prescription rather than specifics of business strategy.

Prof. DEBASISH DUTTA