Hydraulic Actuators

POWER CONVERSION IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Hydraulic Actuator
Hydraulic systems are used to control & transmit fluid

power
A pump driven by prime mover (electric motor)

creates flow of fluid and adds energy to the fluid

An actuator is just opposite of pump and is used to

convert the energy of the fluid back into mechanical energy to perform useful work

TYPES OF HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS

Linear actuator (hydraulic cylinder)
Provides motion in straight line Linear displacement depends on stroke length Usually referred to as cylinders, rams (single acting cylinders) or jacks (cylinder used for lifting)

LINEAR ACTUATOR

TYPES OF ACTUATORS
Rotary actuators (Hydraulic motors)
Produces continuous rotational motion

Semi rotary actuators(limited rotation)

Produces non-continuous rotational motion Limited to less than one revolution (<360) Used to produce oscillatory motions in mechanisms

LINEAR HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS (CYLINDERS)

Common Types Single acting cylinder Double acting cylinder

SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER

OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER

DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER

DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER

Double Rod Cylinder

MECHANICAL LINKAGES

MECHANICAL LINKAGES

MECHANICAL LINKAGES

CYLINDER FORCE, VELOCITY & POWER

EXTENSION STROKE
Fluid enters the blank end of cylinder through the entire circular area of the piston AP

CYLINDER FORCE, VELOCITY & POWER

RETRACTION STROKE
Fluid enters the rod end of cylinder through the Smaller annular between the rod & cylinder bore AP-Ar

Extension force is greater than the retraction force for the same operating pressure Retraction velocity is greater the extension velocity for the same input flow rate

CYLINDER POWER
Power developed by hydraulic cylinder equals the product of its force and velocity during a given stroke Power = p X Qin

Single acting vs. double acting

Single acting cylinders are economical and the

simplest design. Hydraulic fluid enters through a port at one end of the cylinder, which then moves the piston to extend the rod. An external force returns the piston to its normal position and forces the hydraulic fluid back through the supply tubing to the fluid reservoir.

Single acting vs. double acting

Double acting cylinders have a port at each end,

supplied with hydraulic fluid for both the retraction and extension of the piston. They are used where an external force is not available to retract the piston or where high force is required in both directions of travel.

COUSHIONED CYLINDER

CYLINDER LOADINGS THROUGH MECHANICAL LINKAGES

FIRST CLASS LEVER SYSTEM

SECOND CLASS LEVER SYSTEM

THIRD CLASS LEVER SYSTEM

GEAR MOTOR

VANE MOTOR

SWASH PLATE TYPE PISTON MOTOR

BENT-AXIS TYPE PISTON MOTOR

HYDRAULIC MOTOR PERFORMANCE

Volumetric efficiency
Mechanical efficiency Overall efficiency

HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION
A system consisting of a
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

power source(prime mover or electric motor) a hydraulic pump a hydraulic motor appropriate valves and pipes can be used to provide adjustable speed drives is called a Hydraulic Transmission.