1.

What is Science?

Science
The study of natural phenomena

Examples of Natural Phenomena

Fall of a ball to the Growth of human from groundinto an adult after being a baby ofof ice Eclipseinto the air Melting rainbow Formation of the Sun thrown

The field of Science

1 Biology
The study of living things
The study of interaction of matter and energy
The study of composition and chemical properties of substances, their reactions and uses

2 Physics
3 Chemistry 4 Geology

The study of rocks and minerals

5 Astronomy
6 Meteorology

The study of the stars and planets

The study of weather and climate

2. A Science Laboratory

Hazard Symbols

Hazard Symbols
Symbol and meaning Examples

Petrol & Kerosene

Phosphorus
Highly flammable

Alcohol / Ethanol
Sodium Potassium Hydrogen

Explosive

Hazard Symbols
Symbol and meaning Examples

Ammonia Chlorine
Harmful / Irritant

Chlorofom
Mercury Lead

Sodium cyanide
Hydrogen sulphide
Toxic / Poisonous

Bromine

Hazard Symbols
Symbol and meaning
5

Examples
Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen peroxide Concentrated acids & alkalis Uranium Radium Thorium

Corrosive
6

Radioactive

Plutonium

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

CONTAINER

Beaker flask Conical flask Flat-bottomed flask Round-bottomed

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

Test tube holder Filter funnel

Gas jar Crucible

For contain To heating To hold To filter mixtures test and tubes chemicals of solidsgas liquids

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

Crucible Tripod Bunsen Wire gauze burner tongs stand

To provide aexcess for during To conduct apparatus heating To support flame heat away To hold hot objects heating

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

Glassstand Retort Evaporating Syringe rod and clamp dish

For apparatus from a To hold the stirringwhile To transfer smallliquid For evaporating quantities of experiments are being done
liquids solution liquids

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

An a fixed To measure Burette Measuring Stopsolutions ammeter volume of

Pipette Thermometer

measure temperature To measureelectric To measure the volume of solutions accurately To current time measure
Suction pump

ToAn instrument to measure a small volume of solutions accurately

cylinder watch accurately

BUNSEN BURNER
Barrel Collar
Air-hole
Gas inlet

Base

BUNSEN BURNER

1. Air-hole open 2. Non-luminous

does not give out light
3. Does not give out soot [Gas is completely burn]

1. Air-hole close 2. Luminous-gives

out light 3. Gives out a lot of soot 4. Not suitable for heating-not very hot

4. Suitable for heatingvery hot

Just remember one side only

BUNSEN BURNER

Steps in lighting a Bunsen burner

1 2

Close the air hole by turning the collar Light a match and bring it near the barrel

3 4

Turn on the gas pipe

Adjust the collar on the Bunsen burner

3.

The Steps in a Scientific Investigation

Steps in a Scientific Investigation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Identify the problem Making a smart guess/ hypothesis Plan the experiment Control the variables Carry out the experiment Recording/Collect data Analysing the data Interpreting the data Making conclusions Writing reports

4. Physical Quantities and Their Units

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & THEIR UNITS

Quantity Length Mass Time

Unit metre kilogram second

Symbol of unit

m kg s

Temperature

kelvin

K
A

Electric current ampere

Physical quantity

Measured by using

1. Length 2. Mass

A metre rule
Beam balance
Electronic balance

Lever balance

3. Time

A stop watch

4. Temperature
5. Electric current

A thermometer

An ammeter

PREFIXES
Prefix kilocentimilliSymbol k c m Value of prefix 1000 1 100 1 1000

Examples show how prefixes are used

5. Weight and Mass

1. The amount of matter in the object

1. The pull of the Earth on the object

WEIGHT IS NOT 3. Measured by using a 3. Measured by using a THE SAME AS MASS spring balance or a lever balance or a tripleanywhere
beam balance
4. Measured in kilograms compression balance

2. Always the same

2. Not always the samedepends on the force of gravity

4. Measured in newtons

Balance for measuring Weight

Spring balance

Compression balance

Balance for measuring Mass

Lever balance

Beam balance

Electronic balance

WEIGHT AND MASS

Weight Mass 1 kg 60 kg
Earth Moon Outer space

10 N 600 N
60 kg

10/6 N 100 N
60 kg

0N

0N
60 kg

1 kg = 1 x ( gravity = 10 ) = 10 N

Balance for measuring Mass

Triple beam balance

Lever balance

Beam balance

Lever balance

6. Measuring Tools

Measurement of Length

to measure the length of short straight line to measure the length of long straight line

to measure the length of a curved line

4. An opisometer (map measurer)

to measure the length of a crooked line

Measurement of Length

5. External callipers

6. Internal callipers

Measurement of Length

Measuring the thickness of a beaker

External diameter = 2.2 cm Internal diameter = 2.1 cm Thickness of the beaker = External diameter Internal diameter
2

= 0.1 = 0.05 cm 2

4.8 cm 4.6 cm 2 = 0.1 cm = 1mm

Measurement of Length The correct way to read the scale on a ruler

Measuring a curved line using a thread and a ruler

Measurement of Area

PMR 2008

Measuring the volume of liquids

To measure the volume of liquids To measure a small volume of liquids accurately To measure a fixed volume of liquids accurately
Use a suction pump to suck liquid into a pipette. Do not use your mouth

Measuring the volume of liquids

The correct way to read the scale on a measuring cylinder

Measuring the volume of liquids

The correct way to read the scale on a measuring cylinder

Measuring the volume of liquids

. . To improve the accuracy of the reading use a hand lens to read the scale put a piece of white paper behind the scale

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

To measure the volume of regular and irregular solids

Estimating the volume of irregular solids

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Estimating the volume of a cork

Volume of the cork = ( 58 52 ) ml = 6 ml = 6 cm

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Estimating the volume of irregular solids

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD EUREKA CAN