Bird Flu H5N1

Swine Flu H1N1

Typical Flu Virus

SARS Severe and Acute Respiratory Syndrome

What is a Flu?
Flu is short for Influenza. (SARS is not a flu virus but a Corona

virus) Flu - Is a contagious disease that is caused by the influenza virus. It attacks the respiratory tract in humans (nose, throat, and lungs), causing inflammation of the mucous membranes. Flu symptoms usually come suddenly which include high fever, sore throat, coughing, headache, muscle aches, and stuffy nose. Other symptoms may include sneezing, nasal discharge, loss of appetite, fatigue, weakness, chills, and stomach symptoms. The flu can affect anyone including healthy people. The disease can be deadly to some people who develop lifethreatening complications like pneumonia.

What is a Virus? What is a Bacteria?

What are viruses? Viruses are too small to be seen by the naked eye. They can't multiply on their own, so they have to invade a 'host' cell and take over its machinery in order to be able to make more virus particles. Viruses consist of genetic materials (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protective coat of protein. They are capable of latching onto cells and getting inside them. The cells of the mucous membranes, such as those lining the respiratory passages that we breathe through, are particularly open to virus attacks because they are not covered by protective skin.
5

What is a Virus? What is a Bacteria?

Virus Spread via:
Air Borne Water / Food Borne

Arthropod Borne
Direct Contact / Sexual contact

What is a Virus? What is a Bacteria?

Disease caused by Virus:
Air Borne Chicken Pox / Small Pox Flu/ SARS Measles Water / Food Borne Food Poisoning / Mad Cow disease (CJD - Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease) Polio / Hepatitis B Arthropod Borne Malaria West Nile Fever / Yellow Fever Direct Contact / Sexual contact HIV (AIDS) Cold Sores / Herpes Rabies

What is a Virus? What is a Bacteria?

What are bacteria? Bacteria one cell organisms that are capable of multiplying by

themselves, as they have the power to divide. Bacteria exist everywhere, inside and on our bodies. Most of them are completely harmless and some of them are very useful. Some bacteria cause diseases, either because they end up in the wrong place in the body or simply because they are 'designed' to invade us Bacteria cause infections such as sore throat by invading the bodys cells. The body fights against bacteria by producing a fever or inflammation. Symptoms of bacterial infections are similar to those caused by viral infections. Bacterial infections usually need to be treated with an antibiotic - medications that kill bacteria.

What is a Virus? What is a Bacteria?

Diseases caused by Bacteria
Bubonic Plague

Cholera
Tuberculosis Tetanus

Typhoid Fever

What is a Flu?
Influenza Virus Flu virus originates from birds and other poultry animals such as pigs, ducks; turkey. Flu virus is an airborne virus that's spread from animal to animal; animal to person; person to person. Flu virus comes in various forms and changes every year.
10

What is a Flu?
Types of Flu Virus Flu Virus classified by 3 main types:
Type A circulate in animals, especially poultry +

Human (pass from animals) Type B circulate in humans. Type C circulate in humans & some type of animals (dogs, pigs, chickens)

11

What is a Flu?
Type A
This is the type that caused the Seasonal Flu outbreak. At times world wide pandemic.

12

Facts about H5N1 / SARS

H5N1 - 60% fatality Rate as at 2011 (566

13

cases, 322 died) SARS 12% fatality rate between 2002 to 2003 (8422 cases, 912 died) Survive long period of time in the open environment Can get contact by both Air-borne and by touching the surfaces infected with the virus (all Flu Virus / SARS) Close contact sneeze; cough; saliva; air borne particles

Facts about H5N1

The following people have a higher risk for

developing the bird flu:

Farmers and others who work with poultry

Travelers visiting affected countries

Those who touch an infected bird Those who eat raw or undercooked poultry meat,

eggs, or blood from infected birds

14

Symptoms of H5N1
Infection with the H5N1 virus in humans causes

typical flu-like symptoms, which might include:

Cough (dry or productive) Diarrhea Difficulty breathing

Fever greater than 38C

Headache Malaise Muscle aches Runny nose Sore throat
15

Symptoms of SARS

SARS symptoms are:

Cough Difficulty breathing Fever greater than 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C) Other breathing symptoms

The most common symptoms are:

Chills and shaking Cough -- usually starts 2-3 days after other symptoms Fever Headache Muscle aches

Less common symptoms include:

Cough that produces phlegm (sputum) Diarrhea Dizziness Nausea and vomiting Runny nose Sore throat

16

How does Flu infect us?

Flu and all other viruses enters the host, either:
through a physical breach (a cut in the skin)
direct inoculation (e.g.mosquito bite) direct infection of the surface itself (inhalation of the virus

into trachea) It is usually only after a virus enters a host that it can gain access to possible susceptible cells.

17

How does Flu infect us?

Flu and all other viruses follow the same basic steps referred to as the Lytic cycle. LYTIC CYCLE: Step 1-A virus attaches to a host cell. Step 2- The virus breaks through the host cell's membrane and releases its genetic instructions into the cell. Step 3- The injected genetic material starts controlling the host cell's enzymes Step 4-The 'zombie' enzymes start making parts for more new viruses. Step 6- The new virus particles assemble into fresh new viruses. Step 7-The new particles break out of the host cell and infect other cells in the body
18

Respond to Infectious Virus Breaking The Cycle

19

Respond to Infectious Virus Breaking The Cycle

How can we break the chain of infection? Breaking the transmission phase of the cycle is one of the most effective ways to prevent infection. To break the transmission phase is thorough and frequent hand washing, good personal hygiene and regular cleaning and disinfection.
20

Respond to Infectious Virus Breaking The Cycle

How can we break the chain of infection? Preventing infection means looking at your habits, lifestyles, and surroundings and assessing for those things that may promote infection. By identifying those things in the infection chain, we can take steps to eliminate them. For instance: Practice good personal hygiene Treat all bodily fluids as potentially infectious. Use protective barriers such as gloves, masks, aprons, and condoms when exposure to infections agents is possible. Maintain a clean environment at work and home. (Dont forget your car!) Proper disposal of wastes, garbage, and used medical 21 supplies

Respond to Infectious Virus Breaking The Cycle

Hand washing is considered to be the most important measure to prevent the spread of infection! Wash your hands often! Frequent and proper hand washing is key in preventing the spread of infection. Wash your hands before handling or eating food

22

Respond to Infectious Virus Breaking The Cycle

Hand Sanitizer Conveniently located and readily accessible hand wash basins may not be feasible.. An alternative would be to have hand sanitizer (from a dispenser or bottle) available in locations where hand washing basin is not feasible

23

Respond to Infectious Virus Breaking The Cycle

Response to SARS - SARS is spread through close face-to-face and / or contact with infected droplets when a patient sneezes or coughs.
1. Prevent further importation from overseas temperature screening &

quarantine
2. Stop community transmission through education, contact tracing and

home quarantine measures

3. Designated SARS Hospital Health care workers most vulnerable to

SARS
4. Contact Tracing and quarantine with or without symptoms but in

contact with a suspected case. Compulsory home quarantine

5. Hand Washing / Hand shaking / personal hygiene
24

Respond to Infectious Virus Breaking The Cycle

25

Respond to H5N1 / SARS MOH Alert

Alert Green Isolated overseas or local cases of animal to human

transmission. Threat of human to human infection remains low. imported here, but has not resulted in sustained spread. outbreaks in one country, spreading to other countries.

Alert Yellow Slight human to human transmission. Risk of it being Alert Orange Evolves into human disease. WHO confirms several Alert Red Widespread infection. Increase in death. Healthcare system

overwhelmed. High absenteeism from work may occur. Essential services need added protection to ensure full operational capacity. E.g. Water, electricity, food. severely disrupted, as panic sweeps through the community

Alert Black High death rates reported. Economic activities are

26

28