Data communication & Networking

Group Presentation

Group - 06

TCP / IP
[Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol]

Group partners
EE/08/7100 EE/08/7104 EE/08/7115 ET/08/7274 ET/08/7282 G.A.H.S. GANEPOLA W.E.R. PRABHASH M.W.L. MADUSHANI I. S. GALABADA G.A.H.P. GANEPOLA

OBJECTIVES
Introduction about TCP/IP The Origins and History of TCP/IP TCP/IP over OSI layer TCP/IP Protocols
To explain protocols in APPLICATION Layer To explain protocols in TRANSPORT Layer To explain protocols in INTERNET Layer To explain protocols in NETWORK Layer

TCP/IP
An industry standard suite of protocols providing communication in a heterogeneous environment. It provides a routable, enterprise networking protocol and access to the Internet and its resources

The Origins and History of TCP/IP

DOE commissioned APANET in 1969 First Telnet specification (RFC 318) in 1972 File Transfer Protocol (FTP-RFC 454) introduced in 1973 TCP specified in 1974 IP standard(RFC -791) published 1981 Defense Communications Agencies established TCP/IP as a suite in 1982 Domain Name System (DNS) introduced in 1984

TCP/IP over OSI layer

Open Systems Interconnections(OSI) Reference Model

Physical Layer -- Physical Connections between Computers and the network. Converts bits into voltages or light pulse. This defines topology (Connected through repeaters) Data Link -- Defines Protocol that Computers must follow. Token Ring, Ethernet (Connected with Bridges) Network Layer -- Defines how the small packets of data are routed and relayed. (Connected with Routers)

Open Systems Interconnections(OSI) Reference Model (Contd)

Transport -- Defines how to address the physical locations/devices on the network. Session -- Includes mechanisms to maintain reliable ongoing conversations, called checkpoints Presentation -- Defines how applications can enter the network. This layers allows devices to be referenced as name rather than addresses. Application -- Interfaces with users, gets information from databases, and transfer whole files. (Connected through Gateways)

TCP/IP Protocols
TCP/IP is a large collection of different communication protocols.
APPLICATION
HTTP FTP SMTP POP DNS

TRANSPORT
TCP UDP

INTERNET
IP ICMP IGMP ARP RARP

NETWORK ACCESS
Ethernet PPP ATM

APPLICATION LAYER

Application layer Protocols

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Port 80
HTTP takes care of the communication between a web server and a web browser.
HTTP is used for sending requests from a web client (a browser) to a web server, returning web content (web pages) from the server back to the client.
HTTP Protocol

HTTP Server
CGI Program

http://www.webopedia.html
protocol to be used Target host

Web Browser

Database

Application layer Protocols

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Port 21
The protocol is used to exchanging files over the Internet. FTP uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer. FTP is most commonly used to download a file from a server using the Internet or to upload a file to a server e.g., Torrent Download , You Tube Download

Application layer Protocols

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Port 25
The SMTP is used for the transfer of mail messages and attachments. Query - response protocol (Not always connected to the mail server) Most widely used protocol for sending Electronic Mail on the Internet

Application layer Protocols

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
SMTP can only transmit pure text. It cannot transmit binary data like pictures, sounds or movies.
SMTP uses the MIME protocol to send binary data across TCP/IP networks. The MIME protocol converts binary data to pure text.

Application layer Protocols

Post Office Protocol (POP)
The POP protocol is used by email programs (like Microsoft Outlook) to retrieve emails from an email server. If used POP for E mail purposes, all your emails are downloaded to your email program (also called email client), each time it connects to own email server.

Domain Name Server (DNS)

The DNS server used to convert web address into corresponding IP addresses. Because domain names has letters, they are easier to remember. As a example, the domain name www.wikipidia.com might translate in to 198.105.232.4. DNS Server Address is; 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4

TRANSPORT LAYER

TCP - Transmission Control Protocol

Main purpose- Reliable end to end delivery of Messages Connection oriented service(Establishes connection before data transfer and terminates connection after transfer) Flow control is also available

Functions OF TCP
Flow Control
flow control is the technique for assuring that a transmitting entity does not overwhelm a receiving entity with data

Data Recovery
If segments are lost they can be recovered by asking for retransmission.

Guaranteed Delivery
Receive the ACK message from other party. fully reliable and guaranteed that it has been delivery .

3-Way hand Shake

Host A Host B

Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=SYN) SYN received SYN received Send SYN, ACK 2 (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)

Established (seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack)

TCP Datagram
Bit 0 Source port (16) Bit 15 Bit 16 Destination port (16) Bit 31 Sequence number (32) Acknowledgement number (32)
Header length (4)

Reserved (6) Code bits (6) Checksum (16)

Window (16) Urgent (16)

20 Bytes

Options (0 or 32 if any)
Data (varies)

Code bits Urgent Acknowledgement

Push Reset

Synchronize

Finish

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

One of the core protocols of internet Often called Universal datagram protocol Designed by David P Reed in 1980 Networked computers can send short messages using datagram sockets one to another Less reliable than TCP but faster than TCP Datagram can be loss without notice

UDP Datagram
Bit 0 1
Source port (16) Bit 15 Bit 16 Destination port (16) Bit 31 8 Bytes

Length (16)
Data (if any)

Checksum (16)

The Difference between TCP and UDP

UDP Applications
Used in time sensitive applications Stateless nature is useful for servers that answer small queries from huge clients Unlike TCP ,UDP is compatible with packet broadcasting (sending to all network) and multicasting(Sending to all on local network)

UDP IS USED IN

Domain name system

Streaming media applications

Voice over IP

Online games

INTERNET LAYER

Internet Protocol

IP - Internet Protocol
A protocol in a Internet Layer in TCP/IP Protocol stack. It is a OSI Layer three Protocol(Network layer) PDU is a packet known as an IP datagram. It provides a connectionless service. It provides the basic packet delivery service. The current version of IP is IPv4. A new version, called IPv6 or IPng, is under development.

Internet Layer Protocol

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
It is chiefly used by the operating systems of networked computers to send error messages. ICMP is useful in diagnosing network problems. ICMPs are used by routers, intermediary devices, or hosts to communicate updates or error information to other routers, intermediary devices, or hosts. not typically used to exchange data between systems ICMP for Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is also known as ICMPv4. IPv6 has a similar protocol, ICMPv6.

Internet Layer Protocols

Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)

ARP is a general-purpose protocol that can be used to map any type of hardware address to any type of protocol address. However, for most practical purposes, all anyone really cares about using ARP for, these days, is converting the IP address of a remote machine into an Ethernet address. It's the device driver for the Ethernet controller that needs this information. How an ARP request works

Internet Layer Protocols

In short, the system that needs a hardware address sends an ARP request message out onto the network. Since the sender doesn't know the hardware address of the system it's looking for, this message is broadcast to all systems on the physical network. (On Ethernet, address FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF is reserved for broadcast messages.) Included within the ARP request is the IP address (also known as, protocol address) of the target system and both of the sender's addresses. Each system that receives the broadcast ARP request checks to see if its local IP address matches the target protocol address in the ARP request. The one system with that IP address sends an ARP reply directly to the requester. Normal UDP/IP communication can begin only after the requester receives the ARP reply.

Internet Layer Protocol

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

This allows a physical machine in a local area network to request its IP address from a gateway server's Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table

A network administrator creates a table in a local area network's gateway router that maps MAC address to corresponding IP address

When a new machine is set up, its RARP client program requests from the RARP server on the router to be sent its IP address.

Internet Layer Protocol

The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used to manage group memberships in local area networks IGMP is used for: Query a multicast router for groups desired in a LAN.

Join and leave a multicast group.

Exchange membership information with neighboring or higher-layer multicast routers.

IP Data Packet
An Internet Protocol version 4(IPv4) & Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) data packet comprises of two main parts: Header Payload

IPv6 Data Packet Ex -

IP Header

IP Packet Structure
Version version number of the internet protocol Ex IPv4 (32 bit address) IPv6(128 bit address) IHL- Internet Header Length This no indicates how many 32 bit rows present in the header of the IP packet. Ex 5 rows Bits = 5*32 = 160 bits Type of service This defines for IP data gram service Ex bit 3 expected delay bit 5 reliability

IP Packet Structure
Total length This specify the total no of bytes in the whole datagram including the header Time to Live-TTL This is the maximum no of hops or time allow for this IP data gram.when this life time expires the next router will remove it from the internet. Checksum(16 bits) Use for error checking the header Protocol Whether to pass up to TCP of UDP Source IP Address 32 bit IP address of sending host

IP Packet Structure
Destination IP Address 32 bit IP address of recepient host Options & Padding Other optional bytes used in the header as necessary Ex- IPSec bytes(IP Security) Data Field This field Carries the actual user data from upper layer(TCP/UDP)

IP Addressing
Each physical network should have a unique network address.This is called Net ID. Every computer within that network should have a unique host ID number.therefore an IP address is in 2 parts
Network 32 bits Host

8,16,24 bits etc from network 8 bits 8 bits 158 108

Managed by user 8 bits 2 8 bits 71

Ex 158.108.2.71

IP Classes
Class A 8 bits

8 bits

8 bits

8 bits

Network Class B 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

Host

8 bits

Network Class C

Host

8 bits

8 bits

8 bits

8 bits

Network

Host

NETWORK ACCESS LAYER

Network access layer

The Network Access Layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP protocol hierarchy.

The network access layer allows an IP

packet to make a physical link to the

network media.

Example Network Layers

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Ethernet Frame Relay Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link protocol commonly used in establishing a direct connection between two networking nodes. PPP is a full-duplex protocol that can be used on various physical media,

including twisted pair or fiber optic lines or satellite transmission.

PPP is also used over Internet access connections.

Other features of PPP

LCP (Link Control Protocol )provides automatic configuration of the interfaces at each end and for selecting optional authentication. The LCP protocol runs on top of PPP (with PPP protocol number 0xC021) and therefore a basic PPP connection has to be established before LCP is able to configure it. PPP may include the following LCP options: Authentication - Peer routers exchange authentication messages Compression - Increases the effective throughput on PPP connections by reducing the amount of data in the frame that must travel across the link. The protocol decompresses the frame at its destination. Error detection - Identifies fault conditions. Multilink - Provides load balancing several interfaces used by PPP through Multilink PPP

Ethernet
Ethernet is a family of network access layer frame-based computer networking technologies There are several types of Ethernet networks in use throughout the world. The most common are: Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Virtual LAN (VLAN)

Web browsing

Web browsing
The act of viewing information is called browsing and viewing the information on WWW is called web browsing. There are several types of browsers but the one thing they have in common is that they carry out the same function; they transfer hypertext. Here are some familiar common web browsers: Google chromium Mozilla Fire Fox Microsoft Internet Explorer

The top Web browsers 2012

Browser usage (2012)

Thank you