Zigbee Based Automatic Meter Reading Plus for developing a 3phase Time Of Use meter ( TOU) meter for

measuring active, reactive and apparent energy & Power Theft Detection => Using 8 bit AT89S51 Micro Controller.

MICRO PROCESSORS IN INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION

Central processing Units Electro magnetic switches, relays Transducer output data collection Actuators & sensors & I/O blocks Implementation of control soft wares like SCADA Remote Terminal Units like PLCs, DCSs

Automation
Automation is a process which is being used to reduce the human interface in Industrial process using control systems. It is allocation of human control function to the given technical equipment.

Advantages of Automation
High accuracy Low time consumption No error outputs More flexibility and productivity

Disadvantages of Automation
High initial cost Loss of employment

Most important and basic thing in automation is data transfer (analog and digital). 1.) Local Area Network. 2.) Broad band. 3.) Wire less mode.

Modes Of wireless data transfer

microwave communication,long-range line-of-sight via highly directional antennas infrared (IR) short-range communication, Wi-Fi ( Radio frequency IEEE 802.11) communication,

Wi- Max ( IEEE 802.16) Blue Tooth ( IEEE 802.15.1)

Zig Bee (IEEE 802.15.4)

Zig Bee ( IEEE 802.15. 4)

A Technological

standard created for control & sensor networks. ( A high level communication protocal ). IEEE std based wire less data acquistion and transfer. Operates quite amazingly in device device networks & personal area networks. ( control of lights ,thermostats)

Control of lights

Features of Zig Bee

A Radio Frequency Application. Low data rate. Low Power consumption. It satisfies the market's need for a costeffective, standards-based wireless network . Defined rate of 250 kbps data communication. Best suited single signal transmission from a sensor or input device. 128bit AES encryption for secure data connection. Up to 65000 nodes per network. Self configuring

Zig Bee Frequencies

ISM Global band 2.45 GHz (250 kbps). North america 915 MHz (40 kbps). Europe 868 MHz( 20kbps).

Data rates vary from 20 -250Kbps. IEEE std for global band ( 16 channels & channel width is 2 MHz.

Topology
Star Tree Mesh Mesh networks are more of practise and also IEEE std because they provide more flexible data transmission.

Supports for route discovery and route failure recovery

ZigBee Mesh Networking

ZigBee Mesh Networking

ZigBee Mesh Networking

ZigBee Mesh Networking

ZigBee Mesh Networking

Slide Courtesy of

Source: http://www.zigbee.org/en/resources/#SlidePresentations

States and Modes of operation

States

of operation

Active Sleep
Modes

of operation Non-Beacon ( In a non-beacon network, Zigbee Routers are continuously active.) Beacon ( Zigbee routers send periodic
beacons to confirm their existence to the rest of the nodes.)

Zig Bee modes

Non Beacon network communication

Beacon network communication

Zig Bee Protocal

PHYSICAL LAYER & MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL are based on IEEE stds for low data rates.
Physical layer is help for frequency tuning. (2.64 GHz global band) MAC command frame provides mechanism for remote control and configuration . Application layer provides effective interface of zig bee system to its end users. Application Sub layer link between network layer and other devices of application layer.

Devices

Zig Bee Coordinator : Responsible for

storing network information & acts as trust key for security keys. Only one coordinator required for 1 network.

Zig Bee Router : Acts as intermediate router

in passing on data to other devices.

Zig Bee End devices : Based on our

application these varies .( LCD display).

Green Zig Bee coordinator Red - Zig Bee End device Blue - Zig Bee router

ZDO ( Zig Bee Device Object )

The ZDO is responsible for defining the role of a device as either coordinator or end device, as mentioned above, but also for the discovery of new devices on the network. Prolonged ability to add secure devices on the network.

Zig Bee routing for data operation

Rout request from the device At least one route reply command frame for secured intended destination.

Applications
Home Automation Smart metering, adv temperature control. Industrial Automation Smart loading and monitoring. Wire less sensor control Energy management systems. ( Load or Demand side Management).] Data transfer for power system applications and energy meters. Home Automation, Entertainment and Toys

AMR (Automatic Meter Reading)

Automatic Remote Meter Reading . Automating the process of measurement through digital communication techniques.
Bring intelligence into the revenue cycle and manage it:
Metering Billing Operations Customer Service

Automatic Meter Reading

It comprises of
Automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic, and status data. Transferring data to central data base for analysing, billing etc.

AMR is used in the electric, natural gas and water industries. The measurement and collection system is commonly referred to as advanced metering infrastructure (AMI).

Automatic Metering
Automatic Meter Reading
Outage Manage ment Prepayment

Automatic Metering
SubMetering

Active Load Control

Revenue Protection

Broad Benefits

Improve quality of service for customers. Reduced costs for utility. Improved security and tamper detection for equipment. Less financial burden correcting mistakes. Billing can be based on near real time consumption. Transparency of cost to read metering Less financial burden on correcting mistakes

Added advantages:
Due to advancement in technology AMR has an added advantages like Controlling appliances remotely Including alarms for
Leak detection. Low Battery. Reverse Flows. Faults in power systems. Historic & real time trending.

Radio Frequency based AMR

Two way RF systems One way RF systems Hybrid RF systems

RF based meter reading usually eliminates the difficulties the ordinary meter reader face. Adv : Speed of reading increases. Less chance of entering in to private property. Less chance of mis-readings.

Zigbee through AMR system

30 m range

3 Phase TOU meter

The meter can be used in a 3 or 4 wires system and is capable of performing the following Measurements. Active Energy (KW-hr) Reactive Energy (KVar-hr) Apparent Energy (KVA-hr) Power factor ( 0- 1.0) Phase currents ( Arms) Phase Voltages ( Vrms)

Extenal photoraph of TOU meter

Internal Hard ware architecture of TOU meter

Brief Description

Sensing and scaling of phase parameters. Sampling by the energy IC (ADE7758- 16 bit deltasigma analog to digital conversion). energy IC gives the meter an accuracy of less than 0.5% error through a wide range of currents, vlotages and power factors. These data from energy IC is read by Micro controller (MCU: MSP430F448) for Appropriate Energy colllection Updating time (sec, min, hour, day, month, year) Displays energy data on LCD panel Controls two communication devices
Infra red optical port Zigbee RF module.

Zig bee module inside TOU meter

Zig Bee specifications for TOU

Frequency band- 2.4 GHz Data rate- 250 Kbps Range : 30m (indoor), 100m (outdoor) Antenna : chip type Mesh type topology Channels : 16 Direct Sequence Receiver Sensitivity : -92 dBm Serial module data interface with 120 Kbps data rate

Power Theft
Power theft can be named as the commercial loss that the electrical utilities have been facing. Causing factors :

Defective meters ILLegal connections to distribution network Meter tampering and billing losses caused by human errors.

Challenges being posed in power theft protection

Tampering of meter by burning the meters with the application of higher voltages than rated ones. Tapping of supply before metering points.

Measures to prevent power theft Carrying out energy audits frequently with
integration of IT systems. Remote metering to monitor consumers in a effective manner. Effective use of computer based info and historic data.

For Good utilities and protecting revenues

Block diagram components

Block diagram components

1.)Photo Diode sensor

Senses res pulses from pulse indication LED on energy meter and gives signal to micro controller.

2.) Micro Switch

It is electric switch gets actuated by physical motion of mechanical devices.

Low cost Good durability Heavy duty cycles 1 million cycles and up to 10 million cycles. It is inside the controller connected to the full on power to eliminate the resistance and it provides power theft signal.

3.)AT89S51 ( Micro-Controller)

AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

Features

Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines

 Six Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag Fast Programming Time Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode) Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

Pin Diagram of AT89S51

4.)Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

A two line LCD display with 16 characters each inferfaced with Micro controller to read the output directly.

5.) Power Supply

To convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits. Different blocks used (+5V) :

6.) Relay Driver (ULN2803)

Useful in interfacing between low logic level digital circuitry (such as TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS) and the higher current voltage requirements of lamps, relays. Features 1. Eight darlingtons with common emitters; 2. Output current to 500 Ma; 3. Output voltage to 50 V; 4. Integral suppression diodes; 5. Versions for all popular logic families; 6. Output can be paralleled; 7. Inputs pinned opposite outputs to simplify board layout. 8. Compatible with standard TTL families.

After Energizing

7.) Zigbee Transmitter Receiver Module

The ZigBee protocol was engineered by the ZigBee Alliance. Lost cost of zig bee module ICs Lower power consumption. Already mentioned IEEE std Zig Bee mesh type network is used for communication (Data transfer).

8.) RS 232 Serial communication

MAX 232 : Dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. Features : Meets TIA/EIA-232-F Operates with a single +5V supply at a data rate of 120kbps. Two drivers and two receivers. Low Supply Current (8 mA Typical) it just It just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally. It should be noted that generating and decoding serial data with right timing should be done by external circuitry.

Design of MAX-232 circuit

Serial Communication(two way asynch)

Serial communication is a very common protocol for device communication that is standard on almost every PC. ( 2 RS-232 ports) Simpler and can be used over long distances. Sends and receives byes of information one bit at a time. Important serial characteristics are

Baud rate Data bits Stop bits Parity

For two ports to communicate these characteristics should match. Communication through three transmission lines. Ground Transmit Receive .

Transimmision of data in 89S51

It has a serial data communication circuit . Register SBUF : It is physically two registers.
One for writing only( transmits data out of MC) One for reading only( reads data from exernal transmitting source)

Register SCON controls the data communication. Register PCON controls data transmission rates.

The data transmission steps are:

1. Initially the T1 flag is reset.
2. Data to be transmitted must be written into SBUF. 3. As soon as data is transmitted the T1 flag is set and main program is interrupted to execute ISR. 4. In the ISR T1 flag is reset .another data is written in SBUF register. Main program is executed only when the serial port interrupt is 1E SFR is enabled.

Adv in using serial port data transmission

Serial cables can be longer and needs less no. of wires. Pin count reduces . Only two pins commonly used transmit data (TXD), read data (RDX). Has a maximum voltege swing of 50V o/p 1 is taken between -3 to -25 V o/p 0 is taken between +3 to +25V Many of the present day micro controllers have inbuilt Serial Communication Interfaces(SCI).

Serial port hardware:

Devices used in serial communications are of two types

Data Communication Equipment (ex: MODEM) Data Terminal Equipment (ex: PC)

Electrical specifications of serial port:

Logic 0 is taken between +3 to +25V Logic 1 is taken between -3 to -25V. Range between -3 to +3V is undefined An open circuit voltage should never exceed 25 volts. A short circuit current should not exceed 500mA.

Computer software
Virtual basic is an event driven software which has been replaces by its improved version virtual basic.net It is useful due to its

Rapid application development of GUI applications. Easy access to data base using DAO, RDO,ADO.

Useful tools in VB
Easy to create databases, scalable serve side components for most popular databases. ActiveX technologies allows to use the functionalities of other applications like MS word, MS excel-sheet. Internet capabilities helps to access the documents and applications across the Internet.

THANK YOU
&&&&

QUERIES ???