Resistance in Series and

Parallel







Objectives
What is Circuit?
What is Electric Circuit?
Resistance in Series
Voltage division technique
Resistance in Parallel
Current division technique
Comparison
Application

What is Circuit?

The word "circuit" comes from the Latin word for
circle

A circuit is a closed path followed by an electric
current


What is Electric Circuit?
A basic electric circuit is an arrangement of physical
components which utilize voltage, current, and
resistance to perform some useful function.

Type of arrangement of physical components:
Series circuit
Parallel circuit
Series and Parallel (combinational) circuit


Resistance in Series
The circuit in which resistance are connected end to
end so that there is one path to the current flow is
called series circuit.

Resistance in Series
Current is constant

Why?
Only one path for the
current to take
= V I R
Resistance in Series
In terms of conductance

1/G
T
= 1/G
1
+ 1/G
2
+ 1/G
3

Resistance in Series
Total resistance in a series circuit is the sum of
all the resistor values
Power in series resistance
I
2
R
T
= I
2
R
1
+ I
2
R
2

Total power in series circuit is the sum of power
consumed by individual resistance







Voltage Division Technique
The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors
connected in a series is the sum of the individual resistances

By ohms Law
I=V/R
T

V
1
=IR
1
, V
2
=IR
2
,..V
n
=IR
n

V
1
=(V/R
T
) R
1
,
Voltage across any resistance in the series circuit,
=V (R
x
/ R
T
)

=
= + + + =
N
n
n N eq
R R R R R
1
2 1
Resistance in Parallel


Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if they
are connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across them.
Resistance in Parallel
= V I R
1 2 3
1 2 3 1 23
23 2 3
1 2 3
where
1 1 1 1
= = =
= + + = +
= +
= + +
V V V V
I I I I I I
I I I
R R R R
Voltage is constant
There are 3 closed loops in
the circuit
Resistance in Parallel
( )
23
1 2 3 2 3 1 23
123 1 2 3
123 1 23
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
| |
= + + = + = +
|
\ .
= + = = = + +
+ +
= = + + =
+ + + +
let so
and
R R R R R R R R R R
R R I I I I
R R R R
I I I
V I R I I I
R R R R R R
Total Parallel Resistance: R
T

The inverse of the total resistance of the circuit (also
called effective resistance) is equal to the sum of the
inverses of the individual resistances.


Total conductance: G
T

For parallel elements, the total conductance is the
sum of the individual conductance values


Power in Parallel resistance
V
2
/ R
T
= V
2
/ R
1
+ V
2
/ R
2
+ V
2
/ R
3

The total power consumed in a parallel circuit is equal to the
sum of power consumed by individual resistance.




N T
G G G G G + + + + = ...
3 2 1
Voltage Across Parallel Element

The voltage across parallel element is the
same.

V=10v
R1
20k
R2
30k
R3
60k
V=10v
Vs
10Vdc
V=10v
Current Divider Rule
Branch Currents
V=I R
T
= I ( (R
1
R
2
) / ( R
2
+ R
1
))
I
1
= V/R
1


= I ( R
2
/ ( R
2
+ R
1
))
I
2
= V/R
2


= I ( R
1
/ ( R
2
+ R
1
))

Total resistance
1 / R
T
= 1 / R
1
+ 1 / R
2
= ( R
2
+ R
1
) / ( R
1
R
2
)
R
T =
(R
1
R
2
) / ( R
2
+ R
1
)

In parallel circuit, current
in one resistor is the total
current times the opposite
resistance divided by the
sum of two resistance
General formula

I G
x


I
x
=
__________

=
n
1 x
x
G
Comparison of Series and Parallel
Series Circuit
Current is same
Voltage across all elements
depends on resistance
Voltage drops, resistances
and Powers are additive
Applied Voltage = sum of
different voltage drops

Parallel Circuit
Voltage is same
Current in all elements
depends on resistance
Total resistance is always
less than the smallest of
resistance
Powers, conductance and
branch currents are
additive in nature
If N equal resistance are
connected in parallel then
Comparison of Series and Parallel
Disadvantage of Series
Connection
Break in one point
affects the entire circuit
Not practicable for
lighting circuits
Devices with different
current rating cannot be
connected in series
Advantage of parallel
connection
Appliances rated for
same voltage but
different power can be
connected in parallel
Break in any one branch
does not affects other
Applications of Parallel Circuit
Toll Way
Car Electric Diagram
LEDs
Home Wiring design

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