INTRODUCTION

DTL a successor company of erstwhile Delhi Vidhut Board (D.V.B.) comes in to existence First July 2002, as a state transmission utility of the national capital of Delhi. After unbundling of D.V.B the distribution sector has been handed over to private companies while generation and transmission are still with government. VISION 2021- D.T.L. aiming to make Delhi a global metro politic and world class city. DTL has the responsibility playing its role in establishing upgrading, operating and maintain the E.H.V. (extra high voltage) network.

EXISTING AND PROPOSED SUBSTATIONS

Existing 400 kV substations Bawana Bamnauli Proposed 400 kV substations Mundaka East of loni (harsh vihar)

Proposed 220Kv substations

Ridge valley DIAL AIIMS Electric lane Masjid Moth Peragarhi Wazirpur Rohini

Existing 220 kV substations

Narela Patparganj Najafgarh Mehrauli Okhla IP Extension Gopalpur Shalimar Bagh Rohini South of Wazirabad Sarita vihar Vasant kunj Naraina Gazipur Pappankalan-1 Kanjhwala Sabjimandi Kashmere Gate Geeta colony Pappankalan-2 DSIDC bawana Lodhi road Park street

SWITCH YARD

Introduction to Switch Yard

Switchyard is a switching station which has the following credits: Main link between generating plant and Transmission system, which has a large influence on the security of the supply. Step-up and/or Step-down the voltage levels depending upon the Network Node. Switching ON/OFF Reactive Power Control devices, which have effect on Quality of power.

SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS
Equipments commonly found in switchyard:
Lightening arrestor Current transformer Voltage transformer Power transformers / I.C.T. Bus bar and clamp fittings Support structure Isolators Circuit Breaker Wave traps Earthing switch

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION
The substation may be classified in numerous ways such as on the basis of Nature of duties.
Step-Up or primary substation. Step-Down or distribution substation.

Service rendered.
Transformer substation. Switching substation. Converting substation.

Operating voltage.
High voltage substation (11 kV-66kV) Extra high voltage (132 kV-400 kV) Ultra high voltage (above 400 kV)

Importance and design.

Indoor substation. Outdoor substation.

TRANSFORMER

Introduction to Transformer
A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another without change in frequency through inductively coupled electrical conductors is known as transformer. By appropriate selection of the numbers of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating voltage to be stepped up by making NS more than NP or stepped down, by making it less.

IDEAL POWER EQUATION

If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power is transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is perfectly efficient; all the incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary circuit. If this condition is met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing power. Pincoming = IPVP = Poutgoing = ISVS The induced voltage (V) in a transformer V = 4.44 * N * B * A * f volts
Where N = Number of winding turns
B = Flux density value (Tesla)

A = Core limb area (m2) f = Frequency of applied voltage (cycles/sec)

DATA PLATE OF 100MVA T/F 220/33KV (STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER) MANUFACTURED BY- CROMPTON GREAVES LTD

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

Introduction to Instrument Transformer

The main functions of instrument transformer are:
To provide insulation against the high voltage of power circuit and to protect the apparatus and the operating person. To supply protective relays with current and voltage of magnitude proportional to those of the power circuit but sufficiently reduced in magnitude so that the relays can be made relatively small and inexpensive. Possibility of different types of secondary connections to obtain the required currents and voltages. For the safety purpose the secondary of instrument transformer are grounded.

It is mainly consisting of three types; Current transformer (C.T) Potential transformer (P.T) Capacitive voltage transformer (C.V.T)

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
C.Ts are connected in an a.c power circuits to feed the current coils of indicating and metering instruments (ammeters, wattmeter, watt-hour meter) and protective relays.

Purpose: To step-down the high magnitude of current to a safe value to incorporate Measuring and Protection logics. Current transformers are used for the instrumentation, protection or metering of power systems.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER (FOR 33KV)

MANUFACTURED BY- KAPCO Electricals (P) Ltd
Ratio Burden Class of accuracy Knee point volt. Max exciting current Short time current Rated dynamic current Highest system voltage System voltage Rated continuous current Insulation level Insulation class Installation Type of cooling Volume of oil (in ltrs) Weight of C.T (in Kg) 800-400/1A - 1A - 1A 30VA - -- - -0.2 - PS - PS -- - 40V- 40V -- -30mA-30mA 31.5 KA for 3 sec 78.75 KA peak 36 KV 33 KV 1.2 times 70 KV/170 KV (peak) A OD ON 35 110

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
Purpose: To step-down the high magnitude of voltage to a safe value to incorporate Measuring and Protection logics. Voltage transformers serve a number of functions in a power system. They are required for the operation of many types of instrumentation and relay protective systems.

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT)

Primary voltage is applied to a series of capacitors group. The voltage across one of the capacitor is taken to aux PT. The secondary of the aux PT is taken for measurement and protection.

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER MANUFACTURED BY W.S. Industries (India) Ltd. MANUFACTURED IN- 1988
Intermediate voltage Total output simultaneously Input maximum Operating voltage Voltage factor Test voltage Impulse withstand voltage Frequency HF capacitance Primary capacitance Secondary capacitance Voltage ratio 20 KV 450 KV 750 VA at 50 deg cel. Amb 220 KV 245 KV (max) 1.5 50 sec 1min 460 KV 1.2/50 microsec 1050 volt 50 Hz 4400 pf 4840 pf 48400 pf 220KV/110Volts

ISOLATOR

 Isolators are used to isolate the circuit when current has already been interrupted. They ensure that current is not switched in to the circuit. Until everything is in the order. Isolators are operate on the no load condition. These devices are not the arc quenching devices and they do not have any specific current breaking capacity or current making capacity. In some cases they are used for breaking charging current of transmission line. Source Isolator Isolator

Load

CB

Earth S/W

FEATURES OF ISOLATORS
OPERATES UNDER NO LOAD CONDITION INTERLOCKED WITH BREAKERS AND EARTHSWITCHES SHOULD WITHSTAND EXTREME WIND PRESSURES MOTOR DRIVEN AND HAND DRIVEN LOCAL AS WELL AS REMOTE OPERATION POSSIBLE ISOLATES SECTIONS FOR MAINTENANCE USED TO SELECT BUS BARS SELECT CT FOR BUS BAR PROTECTION

ISOLATOR (FOR 220 KV) MANUFACTURED BY S & S Power switches & gear Ltd
Main design voltage Current rating Frequency Motor operation Motor voltage D.C voltage 245 KV 1250 A 50 Hz Mechanical 415 V a.c 220 V

Earth switch

INTRODUCTION
It is connected between the line conductor and earth. Normally it is open and it is close to discharge the voltage trapped on the isolated or disconnected line. When the line is disconnected from the supply end, there is some voltage on the line to which the capacitance between the line and earth is charged. This voltage is significant in hv system. Before commencement and maintance work it is necessary that these voltages are discharged to earth by closing the earthing switch. Normally it is mounted on the frame of isolator.

FEATURES OF EARTH SWITCHES

USED TO GROUND SECTIONS REQUIRED FOR MAINTENANCE GROUND INDUCTION VOLTAGES INTERLOCKED WITH BREAKERS AND ISOLATORS CAN OPERATE FROM LOCAL ONLY MOTOR DRIVEN AS WELL AS HAND DRIVEN SAFETY DEVICE

Sequence of operation during opening/ closing of a circuit While opening: open circuit breaker, open isolator and close earthning switch. While closing: open earthing switch, close isolator and then close circuit breaker

Circuit breaker

THEORY OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

This is the most important switchgear component. It must be able to break and make normal load current, but above all be able to interrupt short-circuit currents due to faults in the system. The main components of a circuit breaker are the interrupting chamber and the operating mechanism. Energy is stored in the operating mechanism, and when called upon, this energy is released such that the breaker contacts are forced apart. The Arc, now establishing itself between the parting contacts, is then extinguished by high-pressure arc quenching medium blown towards the arc. A circuit breaker is a device used to open and close electrical circuits. Thus, it in some respect has a similar function to that of a low voltage circuit breaker in ones home. In the closed position, a circuit breaker shall be an ideal conductor. That is, when closed, the circuit breaker shall carry its rated normal current without losses or overheating. In the open position, a circuit breaker shall be an ideal insulator and shall withstand its rated voltage and all nature of over voltages, without a breakdown of either the internal or external insulation.

CLASSIFICATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Oil circuit breaker Air break circuit breaker Air-blast circuit breaker SF6 gas circuit breaker Vacuum circuit breaker

Battery bank

Need of Battery Bank

The battery bank is most dependable source of dc power and is required for following functions: For closing & tripping of circuit breakers in sub stations. For operations of automatic protective devices. For signalling equipments & remote control apparatus. For telephone services and emergency lighting in case of power plants and sub stations. For providing dc supply to the PLCC equipments.

Wave trap

Wave trap contains a main coil, lightning arrester and a tuning device. All are connected in parallel. The main coil has an inductance of 0.2 mH to 2.0 mH. This inductance offers high impedance to high frequency (50 KHz to 500 KHz) carrier signals and blocks them here. It does not allow them to enter the power system equipments. However it offers very low impedance to the power frequency signal. Hence it acts as an insulator of high frequency carrier signal and a conductor for the power frequency (50 Hz). Since main coil is connected in series with the line current even under fault conditions. Therefore it is designed from the current rating point of view. The current rating of main coil may be as high as 4000 A. The lightning arrester used to protect the main coil from voltage surges whereas the tuning device is used to block the signals of narrow band carrier frequency.

PURPOSE
Wave trap is used for Protection of the transmission line and communication between the Substations. VHF signal is transmitted from one end to the another through the same power line. Sends inter-trip signal to the other end CBs so that fault can be isolated at the earliest time.

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION [PLCC]

Power line carrier communications (PLCC) refers to the Concept of transmitting information using the electrical power distribution network as a communication channel. This Technology allows a flow of information through the same cabling that supply the electrical power.

BENEFITS
PLCC integrates the transmission of communication signal and 50/60 Hz power signal through the same electric power cable. The major benefit is the union of two important applications on a single system. The data link appears 'transparent' to the user. Although the devices are connected through the power line; consumers perceive that there is a separated link available for data communications.

THE CHALLENGE
Since the power line was devised for transmission of power at 50/60 Hz and at most 400 Hz, the use of this medium for data transmission (especially at high frequencies) presents some technically challenging problems. It is one of the most electrically contaminated environments, which makes it very hostile for transmission of data signals. The channel is characterized by high noise levels and uncertain (or varying) levels of impedance and attenuation. In addition, the line offers limited bandwidth in comparison to cable or Fiber-optic links. Power line networks are usually made of a variety of conductor types and cross sections joined almost at random. Therefore a wide variety of characteristic impedances are encountered in the network. This imposes interesting difficulties in designing the filters for these communication networks