Basic Computer Organizations

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Introduction
A standard fully featured desktop configuration has basically four types of featured devices
Input Device Memory Unit CPU
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Output Unit
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Block Diagram
Input Unit Memory Unit Output Unit

Cache Memory
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Registers

ALU

Control Unit CPU

Input Unit
It is an electronic device Feeds the data to the computer Usually connected to

Typical Input Devices Include:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Keyboard Mouse, Scanner Joystick Digitizing Tablet Touch Sensitive Screen Light Pen Space Mouse Digital Stills Camera Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Optical Mark Reader (OMR) Image Scanner Bar Codes Magnetic Reader Smart Cards Voice Data Entry Sound Capture

the computer through

cables

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Keyboard
Standard data input and operator control device for a computer

It consists of the standard QWERTY layout with a numeric keypad and additional
function keys for control purposes
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In includes the following keys: Alphanumeric Keys : include number and alphabet keys Function Keys: Perform specific keys such as searching a file or refer web Modifier Keys: such as shift keys and control keys modify the casing style of a character or symbol Cursor Movement Keys: include up, down, left and right keys used to modify the direction of cursor on the screen Spacebar Keys: shifts the cursor to the right by one position Numeric Keypad: uses separate keypads for numbers and mathematical operators

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Mouse
Popular input device.

You move it across the desk and its movement is shown on the screen by a
marker known as a 'cursor'.
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You will need to click the buttons at the top of the mouse to select an option. Allow the user to select elements on the screen such as tools, icons, buttons by pointing and clicking them. The left click of a mouse allows to select an element The right click of a mouse displays special option such as open, explore, etc. The scroll option of a mouse allows to scroll up or down of the document.

Scanner
Converts documents and images as digitized images Digitized Images
Can be produced as black, white, gray images or colored images
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Colored images
Collection of dots, each dot represent a combination of red, green, blue

Joystick
The joystick is a rotary lever. Similar to an aircraft's control stick, it enables you to move

within the screen's environment, and is widely used in the

computer games industry.

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Digitizing Tablet
A Digitizing Tablet is a pointing device that facilitates the accurate input of drawings and designs.

A drawing can be placed directly on the tablet, and the user

traces outlines or inputs coordinate positions with a hand-held stylus.

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Touch Sensitive Screen

A Touch Sensitive Screen is a pointing device that enables the user to interact with the computer by touching the screen. There are three types of Touch Screens:
Pressure-sensitive Capacitive surface Light beam.
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Light Pen
A Light Pen is a pointing device shaped like a pen and is connected to a VDU.
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The tip of the light pen contains a light-sensitive element which, when placed against the screen, detects the light from the screen enabling the computer to identify the location of the pen on the screen. Light pens have the advantage of 'drawing' directly onto the screen, but this can become uncomfortable, and they are not as accurate as digitizing tablets.

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Space Mouse
The Space mouse is different from a normal mouse as it has an X axis, a Y axis and a Z axis.

It can be used for developing and moving around 3-D

environments

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Digital Stills Cameras

Digital Stills Cameras capture an image which is stored in memory within the camera. When the memory is full it can be erased and further images captured. The digital images can then be downloaded from the camera to a computer where they can be displayed, manipulated or
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printed.

Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

The Optical Mark Reader (OMR) can read information in the form of numbers or letters and put it into the computer.

The marks have to be precisely located as in multiple choice

test papers.

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Card Reader
This input device reads a magnetic strip on a card. Handy for security reasons, it provides quick identification of the card's owner. This method is used to run bank cash points or to provide quick identification of people entering buildings.
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Smart Card
This input device stores data in a microprocessor embedded in the card. This allows information, which can be updated, to be stored on the card. This method is used in store cards which accumulate points for the purchaser, and to store phone numbers for cellular
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phones.

Memory Unit
Used to store data, instructions for processing data, intermediate results of processing and final processed information
Memory
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Secondary Memory

Primary Memory

Internal Processor Memory

Example: Hard Disk Drive, Magnetic Tapes, USB Pen drive

Example: RAM, ROM

Example: Cache, Memory, CPU registers

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Primary Memory
It is a computer memory that is accessible to the CPU of a computer without the use of computer's input/output channels Primary storage, also known as main storage or memory, is the main area in a computer in which data is stored for quick access by the computer's processor.
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Primary Memory
Contains set of locations with each location occupying 8 bits. Each bit in the memory is identified by a unique address.
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Data stored in binary form The commonly used primary memories are:
ROM RAM

Cache Memory
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ROM: Read Only Memory

Stores data and instructions even when the computer is turned-off It is the permanent memory of computer It is a chip that is inserted into the mother board It is generally used to store the Basic Input/output system (BIOS) which performs the Power On Self Test (POST)
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RAM: Read Only Memory

Information's are retained only when there is a power supply When the power is switched off information are lost

It is a volatile memory that temporarily stores data and

applications

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Types of RAM
There are two types of RAM used in PCs Dynamic RAM Static RAM. Dynamic RAM (DRAM): The information stored in Dynamic RAM has to be refreshed after every few milliseconds otherwise it will get erased. DRAM has higher storage capacity and is cheaper than Static RAM. Static RAM (SRAM): The information stored in Static RAM need not be refreshed, but it remains stable as long as power supply is provided. SRAM is costlier but has higher speed than DRAM. 24
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Cache Memory
Store data and the related applications that was last processed by the CPU. When the processor performs processing it searches the cache memory and then the RAM for an instruction. The cache memory always placed between RAM and ROM
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Difference between RAM and ROM

RAM It is a Read/write Memory ROM It is a Read Only Memory
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It is a volatile storage device

Data is erased as soon as power supply is turned off It is used as the main memory of a computer system

It is a permanent storage device Data remains stored even after power supply has been turned off It is used to store BIOS

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Secondary Memory
Represents the external storage devices that are connected to the computer Provide non-volatile memory source used to store information that are not used currently Either located in CPU casing of the computer or connected externally to the computer
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Types of Secondary Memory

The secondary storage devices are classified as:
Magnetic Storage Devices Optical Storage Devices Magnetic Optical Storage Devices

Universal Serial Bus

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Magnetic Storage Devices

Stores information that can be read, erased and rewritten a number of times

Include floppy disk, hard disk and magnetic tapes

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Magnetic Storage Devices

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Optical Storage Devices

Use laser beams to read the stored data The include CD-ROM, rewritable Compact Disk ( CD-RW) and digital video disks with Read Only Memory
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Optical Storage Devices

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Magnetic-Optical Storage devices

Used to store information such as large programs, files and backup data Informations can be modified multiple times Provide higher storage capacity because they use laser beams and magnets for reading and writing data to the device
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Universal Serial Bus

Commonly known as Pen drive Removable storage device that is integrated on the USB port Fast and compact Larger in capacity
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Central Processing Unit

Brain of the computer Responsible for controlling all other components of the
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system The main operation includes four phases:

Fetching instructions from the memory Decoding the instructions to decide what operations are to be performed Executing the instructions Storing the results back in the memory

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Components of Computer
Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control Unit

Registers

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ALU
Part of CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations on data

Arithmetic operations include

Addition Subtraction
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Multiplication
Division It takes input in the form of an instruction that contains Opcode : specifies operation to be performed Operand : specifies data on which the operations is to be performed Format code : specifies format of the operands such as fixed point or floating point

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Control Unit
Controls the flow of data and information Maintains the sequence of operations being performed by the CPU
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Fetches an instruction from the storage area, decodes the instructions and transmits the corresponding signal to ALU and storage registers Guides ALU about the operations to be performed suggests i/o devices to which data is to be communicated Uses Program Counter (PC) for retrieving the next instruction for execution Uses status registers for handling conditions such as overflow of data

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Registers
Contains special purpose, temporary storage units known as registers Are high speed memory locations used for holding instructions data and intermediate results that are currently being processed Program Counter (PC) : keep track of next instructions to be executed Information Register (IR) : hold the instructions that to be decoded by control unit Memory Address Register (MAR) : hold the address of next location of memory to be executed
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Memory Buffer Register (MBR) : for storing data received from or sent to
CPU Memory Data Register (MDR) : for storing operands and data Accumulator (ACC ): for storing results produced by ALU 39

Illustration of CPU and memory

Main Memory

CPU

Cache Memory
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Control Unit

Registers

ALU

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Output Unit
It is an electronic device, used to communicate the output obtained after processing a specific tack, to the user
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Commonly used output devices are:

Monitor Printer Speaker Headphones

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Monitor
Commonly used output device that produces visual displays generated by the computer
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Also known as screen, connected as an external device to the CPU using cables It is in visual representation of textual and graphical information

Monitor classified ass

Cathode Ray tube Monitor ( CRT ) Liquid Crystal Display Monitor (LCD)
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Monitor
CRT
Large in size
Occupy more space Available as monochrome, gray scale and color models Visual display better the LCD monitor Inner side of the screen contains red, blue and green phosphors. When a beam of electron strikes on the strikes they irradiates it to produce the image To change the color displayed by the monitor the intensity of the beam striking the screen is varied

LCD
Thin in size, light weighted
Occupy less space Available as monochrome, gray scale and color models Visual display better the LCD monitor Thin display device that consists of a number of color or monochrome pixels arranged in front of a light source or reflects Consume a very small amount of electric power
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Monitor
A monitor characterized by its monitor size and resolution Monitor Size:
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Length of the screen measured diagonally

Resolution:
Expressed as the number of picture elements or pixels of the screen Also called dot pitch Higher resolution produces a clearer image

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Printer
Transfers the text displayed on the screen onto paper sheets that can be used by the end-user
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An external device connected to the computer using cables Computer converts the documents that is to be printed to data that is understandable by the printer Printer driver software also available for conversion

Performance of the printer measured in terms of dots per

inch(DPI) and pages per minute (PPM)
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Printers
Greater the DPI : better the quality

Higher the PDM : higher efficiency

Types of Printers
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Dot Matrix Commonly used in low quality and high volume applications Inkjet Generate high quality photographic prints Slower that dot-matrix

Laser
Produce high quality prints in quicker time without connected to the computer Consists of microprocessors, ROM and RAM

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Speaker
An electromechanical transducer that consists an electrical signal into sound
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Attached to the computer to provide audio output Audio drives to be installed Sound card used in the computer decides the quality of audio Speakers varies in quality and price

May have a subwoofer unit, to enhance bass output

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Headphones
Headphones are a pair of small loudspeakers, or less commonly a single speaker, held close to a user's ears and connected to a signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio, CD player or portable media player. They are also known as stereophones, headsets or, colloquially, cans.
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The in-ear versions are known as earphones or earbuds.

Other Output Devices

Plotters Projectors
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LCD Projection Panels Computer Output Microfilm (COM)

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