Unit-VI Wireless and Broadband Network

Wireless networks
Access computing/communication services, on the move

Cellular Networks
traditional base station infrastructure systems

Wireless LANs
infrastructure as well as ad-hoc networks possible very flexible within the reception area low bandwidth compared to wired networks (1-10 Mbit/s)

Multihop Ad hoc Networks

useful when infrastructure not available, impractical, or expensive military applications, rescue, home networking
RVK 2

Cellular Wireless

Single hop wireless connectivity to the wired world

Space divided into cells, and hosts assigned to a cell A base station is responsible for communicating with hosts/nodes in its cell Mobile hosts can change cells while communicating Hand-off occurs when a mobile host starts communicating via a new base station

RVK

Evolution of cellular networks

First-generation: Analog cellular systems (450-900 MHz)

Frequency shift keying; FDMA for spectrum sharing NMT (Europe), AMPS (US)

Second-generation: Digital cellular systems (900, 1800 MHz)

TDMA/CDMA for spectrum sharing; Circuit switching GSM (Europe), IS-136 (US), PDC (Japan) <9.6kbps data rates

2.5G: Packet switching extensions

Digital: GSM to GPRS; Analog: AMPS to CDPD <115kbps data rates

3G: Full-fledged data services

High speed, data and Internet services IMT-2000, UMTS <2Mbps data rates
RVK 4

Wireless LANs
Infrared (IrDA) or radio links (Wavelan) Advantages very flexible within the reception area Ad-hoc networks possible (almost) no wiring difficulties Disadvantages low bandwidth compared to wired networks many proprietary solutions Bluetooth, HiperLAN and IEEE 802.11

RVK

Wireless LANs vs. Wired LANs

Destination address does not equal destination location The media impact the design wireless LANs intended to cover reasonable geographic distances must be built from basic coverage blocks Impact of handling mobile (and portable) stations Propagation effects Mobility management Power management
RVK 6

Wireless LAN Protocols

A wireless LAN. (a) A transmitting. (b) B transmitting.

RVK 7

Wireless LAN Protocols (2)

The MACA protocol. (a) A sending an RTS to B. (b) B responding with a CTS to A.
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Wireless LANs
The 802.11 Protocol Stack The 802.11 Physical Layer The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol The 802.11 Frame Structure Services

RVK

The 802.11 Protocol Stack

Part of the 802.11 protocol stack.

RVK 10

The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol

(a) The hidden station problem. (b) The exposedRVK station problem.

11

The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol (2)

The use of virtual channel sensing using CSMA/CA.

RVK 12

The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol (3)

A fragment burst.
RVK 13

The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol (4)

Interframe spacing in 802.11.

RVK 14

The 802.11 Frame Structure

The 802.11 data frame.

RVK 15

802.11 Services
Distribution Services
Association Disassociation Reassociation Distribution Integration
RVK 16

802.11 Services
Intracell Services
Authentication Deauthentication Privacy Data Delivery

RVK

17

Broadband Wireless
Comparison of 802.11 and 802.16 The 802.16 Protocol Stack The 802.16 Physical Layer The 802.16 MAC Sublayer Protocol The 802.16 Frame Structure

RVK

18

The 802.16 Protocol Stack

The 802.16 Protocol Stack.

RVK 19

The 802.16 Physical Layer

The 802.16 transmission environment.

RVK 20

The 802.16 Physical Layer (2)

Frames and time slots for time division duplexing.

RVK 21

The 802.16 MAC Sublayer Protocol

Service Classes Constant bit rate service Real-time variable bit rate service Non-real-time variable bit rate service Best efforts service

RVK

22

The 802.16 Frame Structure

(a) A generic frame.

(b) A bandwidth request frame.

RVK 23

Bluetooth
Bluetooth Introduction Bluetooth Architecture Bluetooth Applications The Bluetooth Protocol Stack The Bluetooth Radio Layer The Bluetooth Baseband Layer The Bluetooth L2CAP Layer The Bluetooth Frame Structure
RVK 24

Bluetooth Introduction
Bluetooth is a new standard developed by a group of electronics manufacturers that will allow any sort of electronic equipment -from computers and cell phones to keyboards and headphones -to make its own connections, without wires, cables or any direct action from a user. Present wireless technology like infra red data communication has two problems 1)Line of Sight 2) One to One Using data synchronizing e.g. hot syn on a PDA --- problem of using the right cradle and cable. Bluetooth overcomes these problems A key difference with other existing wireless technologies is that Bluetooth enables combined usability models based on functions provided by different devices.
RVK 25

Bluetooth Introduction (2)

The Bluetooth Special Interest Group comprises more than 1000 companies. The major companies who created the technology include
Intel 3 com Ericcson IBM Motorola Nokia Toshiba

The name is attributed to Harald Bluetooth was king of Denmark around the turn of the last millennium. Choosing this name for the standard indicates how important companies from the Baltic region (nations including Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland) are to the communications industry RVK 26

Bluetooth Introduction (3)

It provides agreement at the physical level -- Bluetooth is a radio-frequency standard. Provides agreement at the data link level where products have to agree on
when bits are sent how many will be sent at a time how the parties in a conversation can be received is the same as the message sent

sure that the message

Bluetooth is a standard for a small , cheap radio chip to be plugged into computers, printers, mobile phones, etc Bluetooth chip is designed to replace cables.

RVK

27

Bluetooth Introduction (4)

Information normally carried by the cable, is transmitted at a special frequency to a receiver Bluetooth chip. These devices can form a quick ad-hoc secure piconet and start communication. Connections in the piconets can occur even when mobile.
A collection of devices connected via Bluetooth technology in an ad hoc fashion. A piconet starts with two connected devices, and may grow to eight connected devices. All Bluetooth devices are peer units and have identical implementations. However, when establishing a piconet, one unit will act as a Master and the other(s) as slave(s) for the duration of the piconet connection.
RVK 28

Bluetooth Introduction (5)

Requirements: Low cost as cables chip $5 Secure as cables must support authentication and encryption Must support both data and voice. Must connect to a variety of devices. Must be able to function in a noisy environment. Data rates 721kbps , using the 2.45Ghz radio frequency band I.S.M (Industrial, scientific and medical) Must support many simultaneous and private piconets. Must be low power, compact and global.

RVK

29

Bluetooth Architecture

Two piconets can be connected to form a scatternet.

RVK 30

Bluetooth Applications

The Bluetooth profiles.

RVK 31

The Bluetooth Protocol Stack

The 802.15 version of the Bluetooth protocol architecture.

RVK 32

The Bluetooth Frame Structure

A typical Bluetooth data frame.

RVK 33

ATM Virtual Circuits

a)

A virtual circuit.

RVK

34

ATM Virtual Circuits (2)

a)

An ATM cell.
RVK 35

The ATM Reference Model

a)

The ATM reference model.

RVK 36

The ATM Reference Model (2)

a)

The ATM layers and sublayers and their functions.

RVK 37

Ethernet
Ethernet Cabling Manchester Encoding The Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol The Binary Exponential Backoff Algorithm Ethernet Performance Switched Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.2: Logical Link Control Retrospective on Ethernet
RVK 38

Ethernet Cabling

The most common kinds of Ethernet cabling.

RVK 39

Ethernet Cabling (2)

Three kinds of Ethernet cabling. RVK (a) 10Base5, (b) 10Base2, (c) 10Base-T.

40

Ethernet Cabling (3)

Cable topologies. (a) Linear, (b) Spine, (c) Tree, (d) Segmented.
RVK 41

Ethernet Cabling (4)

(a) Binary encoding, (b) Manchester encoding, (c) DifferentialRVK Manchester encoding.

42

Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol

Frame formats. (a) DIX Ethernet, (b) IEEE 802.3.

RVK 43

Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol (2)

Collision detection can take as long as 2 .

RVK 44

Ethernet Performance

Efficiency of Ethernet at 10 Mbps with 512-bit slot times.

RVK 45

Switched Ethernet

A simple example of switched Ethernet.

RVK 46

Fast Ethernet

The original fast Ethernet cabling.

RVK 47

Gigabit Ethernet

(a) A two-station Ethernet. (b) A multistation Ethernet.

RVK 48

Gigabit Ethernet (2)

Gigabit Ethernet cabling.

RVK 49

IEEE 802 Standards

The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *. The ones marked with are hibernating. The RVK marked with gave up. one

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