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=
| |
=
|
\ .
time
frequency
OFDM Symbol
T
s
=T
b
+ T
g
0
1
N-1
Unused subcarriers
X
k
= 0
OFDM Concept
OFDM modulation using IFFT
Guard time (cyclic prefix) is added to
protect against inter-symbol interference
Guard subcarriers to protect against
neighbor channels at both sides
Zero subcarrier (dc) not used
Some subcarriers are used as pilots for
channel estimation
After equalization, receiver performs FFT
to retrieve back the stream X
k
21
OFDM Concept
22
IFFT
Add
guard
Channel
Channel
Estimation
Channel
Equalization
FFT
Remove
guard
Modulation
Symbols
X
k
Modulation
Symbols
X
k
OFDMA Concept
In OFDM one user occupies all subcarriers
all the time (till packet is finished)
In OFDMA each user occupies few
subcarriers for few OFDM symbols during
a Burst of transmission
A Burst: few subcarriers during few OFDM
symbols
Hence the name Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplex Access
23
OFDMA Flexibility
With OFDMA the user allocation is flexible
Can change from frame to frame
Multiple allocations for several applications
Allocation changes
In WiMAX every 5 ms
In LTE every 1 ms
24
frequency
frequency
time
OFDMA
Burst
Burst
Burst
Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
A major problem with OFDM and OFDMA is high
peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
Transmitted amplitude with large variation
Requires a linear amplifier at transmitter
Linear amplifies consumes high power
OK at base station
For mobile station, this consumes battery
LTE uses a solution for UL: SC-FDMA
Single carrier transmission
25
SC-FDMA Process
After modulation, apply FFT
Each symbol is on a subcarrier
Put the subcarriers on selected location and apply IFFT
Back to single carrier transmission
Now add CP
Receiver will do the reverse
26
PAPR reduction in SC-FDMA
27
Channel Dependent Scheduling
Another benefit for OFDMA
The Base Station talks to many users at
different directions
Their fading channels are independent
Subcarriers with high attenuation for user 1
may have good gain for user 2
28
Channel Dependent Scheduling
29
Adaptive coding and modulation
WiMAX and LTE use QPSK, 16QAM and
64QAM modulation (m=2, 4 and 6)
Higher m provides higher data rate
Higher m is subject to more errors
WiMAX uses Convolutional coding and
Turbo coding
Code rate r between 1/2 and 5/6
TE use Turbo coding only for user data
Code rate r between 1/3 and 1
30
Adaptive coding and modulation
Lower m and higher r is effective against
fading, and vice versa
But lower m and higher r reduces data rate
to and from the user
WiMAX and LTE select the values of m
and r to match the fading channel for each
user
31
Adaptive coding and modulation
Note that each user has a different
channel condition between the base
station and the mobile station
32
Modulation methods
33
I_out
Q_out
b
0
-1 +1
BPSK
I_out
Q_out
b
0
b
1
1 1
QPSK
10
01
00
1 -1
1
-1
I_out
Q_out
b
0
b
1
b
2
b
3
1111
16-QAM
1101
0111
0101
1110 0110
1100 0100
1011
1001
1010
1000
0011
0001
0010
0000
1 3 -3 -1
1
3
-3
-1
Modulation methods
34
-1 -3 -5 -7 3 5 7 1
000
000 011
011
010
010
110
110
111
111
101
101
100
100
100
101
001
001
100
101
100
101
100
101
100
101
100
101
100
101
100
101
I_out
Q_out b
0
b
1
b
2
b
3
b
4
b
5
64-QAM
-1
-3
-5
-7
3
5
7
1
011 010 110 111 101 100 000 000 001000 000 000 000 000 000 000
011 010 110 111 101 100 001 000 001001 001 001 001 001 001 001
011 010 110 111 101 100 011 000 001011 011 011 011 011 011 011
011 010 110 111 101 100 010 000 001010 010 010 010 010 010 010
011 010 110 111 101 100 110 000 001110 110 110 110 110 110 110
011 010 110 111 101 100 111 000 001111 111 111 111 111 111 111
MIMO
Signal transmitted from
multiple antennas
(Multiple In)
Signal received by
multiple antennas
(Multiple Out)
35
TX RX
M
antennas
N
antennas
Receiver combines the received signals and
optimally combine energy from MxN channels
Two main types of MIMO
Transmit Diversity (also called Alamouti)
Spatial Multiplexing
MIMO
Transmit diversity:
Same modulation symbols sent from all Tx M antennas
Receiver combines the signal from N antennas
Useful to increase performance against fading
Spatial multiplexing:
Different modulation symbols sent from M Tx antennas
Receiver received the signal from N antennas
Useful to increase data rate if channel is good
WiMAX uses up to 2x2. LTE uses up to 4x4
36
Conventional Receiver Diversity
h
o
h
1
s
o
Maximal Ratio Combining
Receiver Diversity
s
o
h
o
h
o
*
|h
0
|
2
s
o
s
o
h
1
h
1
*
|h
1
|
2
s
o
+
( )
2 2
1 2 o
S h h +
Combining two
channels strength
Receiver pays the cost of antenna diversity
37
MIMO 2X1, Transmit Diversity
38
Example M=2 and N=1 TX Diversity
Space: Two antennas. Time: Two intervals
Cost moved to transmitter (Base Station)
MIMO 2X2, Transmit Diversity
Take M=2 and N=2
Diversity order 4
39
MIMO 2x2, Spatial Multiplexing
Purpose is to increase data rate (2x2 gives twice data rate)
The 4 gains must be known at receiver
Simplest way at receiver, matrix inversion:
1 1 o o o
r s g s g = +
1 2 1 3 o
r s g s g = +
1
2 3 1 1
o o o
G
g g r s
g g r s
=
1
1 1
o o H H
s r
G G G
s r
=
40
Turbo Codes
Turbo codes were proposed by Berrou
and Glavieux in the 1993 International
Conference in Communications (ICC 93)
Break Through performance, much better
than conventional methods
Features of turbo codes:
Parallel encoding
Each encoder is a Systematic encoder
Interleaving among the encoders
Iterative decoding
41
Turbo Encoder
Source bits are encoded by first encoder
Source bits are interleaved in a pseudo-random fashion
and encoded by second encoder
Original source bits also transmitted (systematic)
Overall rate is r=1/3
Encoder 1
Encoder 2
Interleaver
X
i
Y
i
Z
i
... Xi Yi Z
i
...
Source bits
Systematic
bits
Parity bits 2
Parity bits 1
42
Turbo Encoder
LTE Turbo Encoder
D D D
Turbo
Interleaver
D D D
X
i
Y
i
Z
i
Systematic
bits
Parity bits 2
Parity bits 1
43
Turbo Iterative Decoding
Decoder 1 uses: original bits, parity 1 & extrinsic 2
Decoder 2 uses: original bits, parity 2 & extrinsic 1
Decoder 1 provides extrinsic 1 to improve confidence level to input of
decoder 2
Decoder 2 works now better, and feeds back extrinsic 2 to improve
confidence level to input of decoder 1
Decoder 1 repeats with the better input, provided to decoder 2
Decoder 2 repeats with the better input, feedback to decoder 1
. . . . . Many iterations
Decoder 1 Interleaver Decoder 2
Systematic
bits
Parity bits 2
Parity bits 1
De-
Interleaver
Extrensic 1
Extrensic 2
Soft Output
Decision
44
Performance with iterations
45
WiMAX Frame Structure
Frame duration is 5 ms
46
LTE Frame Structure
Frame is 10 ms, divided into 10 sub-frames
47
WiMAX User Data Tx
Transmitter Baseband Processing
Randomization
Encoding/
interleaving
Sub-channelization
& Pilot Insetion
MIMO/STC
processing
IFFT
Cyclic
Prefix
Modulation
RF
Front
End
MAC
data
Data &
Control bits
same
1 2 3
4
5 6 7
ARQ/
HARQ
8
48
WiMAX User Data Rx
Receiver Baseband Processing
RF
Front
End
Channel
Estimation,
tracking & fine
freq offset
Freq. Offset
correction &
Equalization
IFFT
IFFT
MIMO/STC
Processing
Remove
CP
De-sub-
channelization &
Pilot Extraction
Demodulation
& Quantizer
De-Interleaving Decoding De-Randomization MAC
Synch
Coarse
Freq
Offset
AGC
Signal
Detection
RSSI to MAC
CINR & Channel
Quality
Channel
Quality & CINR
To MAC
RF
impairments
Estiamtion
2
1
4
5
6 7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 16 17
ARQ /
HARQ
18
Power
Control
3
49
LTE User Data Tx
50
LTE User Data Rx
51
WiMAX vs LTE parameters
Parameter WiMAX LTE
Duplex method TDD FDD and TDD
Bandwidth 5 and 10 MHz 1.25, 3, 5, 10, 15 & 20
MHz
Frame size 5 ms 10 ms with 10 sub-
frames
Multiplex Access DL OFDMA OFDMA
Multiplex Access UL OFDMA SC-FDMA
Scheduling speed Every frame (5 ms) Every sub-frame (1 ms)
Subcarrier spacing 10.9 kHz 15 kHz
Maximum DL Data rate
(SISO)
46 Mbps (10 MHz band) 50 Mbps (10 MHz band)
Modulation QPSK, 16QAM, 64 QAM QPSK, 16QAM, 64 QAM
Coding for user data Convolution or Turbo Turbo
Diversity MIMO up to 2x2
TD & SM
MIMO up to 4x4
TD & SM
52
Conclusions
WiMAX and LTE employ similar
technologies
Both will achieve very high data rates
Both will provide new services
Both use: OFDMA, MIMO, TURBO
LTE has the advantage of large
GSM/UMTS customer base
WiMAX has the advantage of being
already in service in few places in USA
53