Aim: ???

Homework Read pg. 317-320 Do Questions 22-24, 29-33 on pg. 329-331 Do Now If 150mL of chloric acid is needed to neutralize 60mL of 0.65M strontium hydroxide, what is the molarity of the chloric acid?

Measuring The Strength Of Solution

So far, we have described solutions as being acidic, basic, or neutral without indicating what these terms actually mean We have not yet measured how acidic or how basic a solution can be In order to determine the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, we use either the pH scale or the pOH scale

The pH Scale
The pH scale is a scale used by scientists to measure how acidic or basic a solution is This scale ranges from the numbers 0 to 14 with 7 being the middle value If the pH of the solution is found to be from 0 to 7, the solution is defined as being acidic If the pH of the solution is found to be from 7 to 14, the solution is defined as being basic If the pH of the solution is 7, then the solution is defined as being neutral

The pH Scale

Reading The Scale

As we can see, a pH of 7 means the solution is neutral As the pH value decreases from 7 to 0, the solution becomes more acidic As the pH value increases from 7 to 14, the solution becomes more basic Therefore, as the pH value gets farther and farther away from 7, the strength of the solution increases (either becoming more acidic or more basic)

Why Is A Solution Acidic Or Basic?

Recall that Arrhenius acids produce H3O+ ions in solution- these species are acidic because of this excess of H3O+ ions in solution Arrhenius bases produce OH- ions in solution these species are basic because of this excess of OH- ions in solution A solution will therefore be acidic or basic depending on which of these two ions is in excess If a solution has more H3O+ ions than OH- ions, then the solution will be acidic If a solution has more OH- ions than H3O+ ions, then the solution will be basic

Interpreting The Scale

We can interpret the pH scale in terms of which ion is in excess As the pH scale goes from 7 to 0, the concentration of H+ ions increases and there are many more H+ ions in solution than OH- ions As the pH scale goes from 7 to 14, the concentration of OH- ions increases and there are many more OHions in solution than H+ ions When the pH of the solution is 7, there is an equal amount of H+ and OH- ions in solution (neither ion is in excess)

Degree Of Acidity/Alkalinity
The following table from your Review Book (pg. 317) indicates how acidic or basic a solution is:
pH Solution Is: pH Solution Is

0
1 2 3

Strongly Acidic
Strongly Acidic Strongly Acidic Moderately Acidic

8
9 10 11

Weakly Basic
Moderately Basic Moderately Basic Moderately Basic

4
5 6 7

Moderately Acidic
Moderately Acidic Weakly Acidic Neutral

12
13 14

Strongly Basic
Strongly Basic Strongly Basic

pH Of Common Substances
The following table illustrates the pH of some common substances

http://library.tedankara.k12.tr/chemistry/vol1/acid/trans84.jpg

Powers Of Ten
The numbers on the pH scale are not just integersthey represent powers of 10 What this means is that going from one number on the pH scale to the next number means going up or down by a factor of 10! Therefore, a solution with a pH of 5 is 10 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 6 Another example: going from a pH of 3 to a pH of 7 means the acidity of the solution decreased by a factor of 10,000 (or 104)! So the ends of the scale are not separated by just 14, but rather 1014!!!

How To Calculate pH
The pH of a solution measures how many H+ ions (or H3O+ ions) are present in solution thus the scale is constructed from the point of view of H+ ions The formula to calculate the pH of a solution is:

pH = -log[H+] = -log[H3O+]
As you can see this is a logarithmic function The concentration MUST BE in moles/liter

Guided Problem
What is the pH of a 0.05M nitric acid solution? Answer If the concentration of the nitric acid (HNO3) solution is 0.05M, then the concentration of H+ ions present in solution would also be 0.05M. Therefore, the pH of the solution would be: pH = -log[H+] = -log(0.05) = -(-1.30) = 1.30

Converting From pH To Concentration

In the previous example, we were given the concentration of H+ ions and were asked to find the pH of the solution If the pH for a solution is provided and we need to calculate the concentration of H+ ions present in solution, we just have to rearrange the pH equation to solve for [H+] The formula used to calculate the concentration of H+ ions is:

[H+] = [H3O+] = 10-pH

Guided Example
Determine the concentration of H3O+ ions present in a solution that has a pH of 3.77 Answer Using the previous equation, we find the hydronium concentration to be: [H3O+] = 10-pH = 10-3.77 = 1.7 x 10-4 moles/liter

Your Turn
a) If the concentration of a hydrochloric acid solution is 5 x 10-9M, determine the pH of this solution b) Determine the concentration of H+ ions present in a sulfuric acid solution that has a pH of 4.6. c) Determine the pH for a hydrobromic acid solution if the concentration of H3O+ ions is 2M

Going Beyond 0 and 14

As you saw in the previous example, it is possible to have a pH value less than 0 It is also possible to have a pH value greater than 14 What this indicates is that the solution is extremely concentrated with H3O+ ions (for values less than 0) or OH- ions (for values greater than 14) The reason why the scale is defined from 0 to 14 is because we normally dont deal with these extremely concentrated situations

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL

The pOH Scale

If instead of measuring the concentration of H+ ions in solution we wanted to measure the concentration of OH- ions in solution, we can use the pOH scale The pOH scale is a scale constructed from the point of view of OH- ions This scale is very similar to the pH scale in that the numbers range from 0 to 14 with 7 being a neutral solution However, in this case, the solution is basic from 0 to 7 while the solution is acidic from 7 to 14!!!

The pOH Scale

Interpreting This Scale

Again, we can interpret this scale in terms of which ion is in excess As the pOH scale goes from 7 to 0, the concentration of OH- ions increases and there are many more OH- ions in solution than H+ ions As the pOH scale goes from 7 to 14, the concentration of H+ ions increases and there are many more H+ ions in solution than OHions

How To Calculate pOH

The formula used to calculate pOH is the same as the formula used to calculate pH However, instead of using the concentration of H+ ions, we use the concentration of OH- ions The formula to calculate pOH is:

pOH = -log[OH-]
Just as with pH, the units for the concentration of OH- ions is moles/Liter

Guided Problem
What is the pOH of a 0.05M NaOH solution? Answer If the concentration of the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution is 0.05M, then the concentration of OH- ions present in solution would also be 0.05M. Therefore, the pOH of the solution is: pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(0.05) = -(-1.30) = 1.30

Converting From pOH To Concentration

If the pOH of a solution is known and we wish to calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions present in solution, we just have to rearrange the pOH equation to solve for [OH-] The formula used to calculate the hydroxide ion concentration is:

[OH-] = 10-pOH

Guided Example
Determine the concentration of OH- ions present in a solution that has a pOH of 9.86 Answer Using the previous equation, we find the hydroxide ion concentration to be: [OH-] = 10-pOH = 10-9.86 = 1.38 x 10-10 moles/liter

Your Turn
a) If the concentration of a lithium hydroxide solution is 7 x 10-6M, determine the pOH of this solution b) Determine the concentration of OH- ions present in a calcium hydroxide solution that has a pOH of 6.2. What is the concentration of this base? (hint: look at formula) c) Determine the pOH for a potassium hydroxide solution if the concentration of OH- ions is 1.5M

Going Beyond 0 and 14

As you saw in the previous example, it is possible to have a pOH value less than 0 It is also possible to have a pOH value greater than 14 What this indicates is that the solution is extremely concentrated with OH- ions (for values less than 0) or H3O+ ions (for values greater than 14)

Special Connection
The pH scale and pOH scale are two ways of describing the same situation One scale measures the concentration of H+ ions The other scale measures the concentration of OH- ions These two scales are connected by the following formula:

pH + pOH = 14

Guided Example
If the pH of a solution is 4.6, what is the concentration of hydroxide ions in solution. Answer To answer this problem, we need two equations (pH + pOH =14 and [OH-] = 10-pOH). Since pH is 4.6, then pOH = 14 4.6 = 9.4. Therefore, the [OH-] = 10-9.4 = 3.98 x 10-10 moles/liter.

Your Turn
1. Calculate the hydronium ion concentration for a solution that has a pOH of 6.2 2. If the hydronium ion concentration of a solution is 5.3 x 10-6 moles/liter, what is the pOH for the solution?

Aim: ???