Interpretation of Test Data Part - I

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INTERPRETATION OF FIBRE AND YARN DATA

- With the advent of large no. of testing instruments, it has become possible to test various aspects of the quality of products and a large volume of data is presented to the manager for decision making

- Interpretation of test data is made complex in view of the instrumental & sampling errors associated with them
- These variabilities have been expressed in terms of critical difference - With the help of such values the test data can be interpreted meaningfully
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The definition of some statistical methods

1. The Critical Difference To Compare Two Mean Values where a Prior Knowledge of CV% of the Property is Known To Compare two Mean Values where the C.D. is not Known To Compare Frequencies where the Nature of Distribution is not Known To Compare Variances To Compare Mean Values where Individual data is available
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2. Co-efficient of Variation (CV)

3. 2 Test
4. F Test

5. Analysis of Variance

The Values of CD for Various Fibre and Yarn Properties are given in the following Tables
No. of Tests and Critical Difference (%) for Various Fibre Properties
Fibre Property No. of Tests Critical Difference (% of Mean)

2.5% Span Length Uniformity ratio Micronaire value Fibre Strength at 3 mm gauge Length Maturity coefficient Trash Content

4 combs / sample 4 combs / sample 4 plugs / sample

4 5 6

10 breaks/sample
600 fibres/sample 8 test / sample

5
7 7
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Sample Size and Critical Difference For Yarn Properties

Yarn Property Lea Count Strength S.Y.S. Uster Evenness U% Twist Henry Baer (Single Yarn) (Double Yarn) Yarn Appearance No. of Tests 40 40 100 5 50 50 5 Boards 10 Readings Critical Difference (% of Mean) 2.0 4.0 2.8 7.0 3.4 2.0 Half a Grade or 5 Grade Index
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New Critical Difference

N1 New CD% = CD% (From Table) x ----N2

Where, N1 = No. of tests recommended in

Tables N2 = No. of tests actually conducted

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Consistency bet basic and delivery samples:

A Mill received a basic sample of Varalakshmi Cotton, whose Mic. value on testing was found to be 3.4. The delivered sample gave a Mic. Value of 3.6. The management is interested to know whether they could accept the delivered sample? (4 tests were carried out both on basic & delivered samples to determine the Mic. value) Diff. in Mic. value bet 2 samples = 3.6 - 3.4 = 0.2 3.6 + 3.4 Ave. of Mic. value of 2 samples = ----------- = 3.5 2 0.2 Diff. Expr. as a % of the average = ---- x 100 = 5.7 3.5 The CD for Mic. value as per table = 6%
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Comparison of test data with a specific value:

A Mill wanted to purchase a Cotton of 3.7 Mic. value to spin 50s count. The sample cotton recd. from a party was tested for Mic. & it was found to be 3.9 (on the basis of 4 tests). The mill is interested to know whether the sample cotton confirms to the mills requirement ? Diff. in Mic. value bet specific value(3.7) & actual value(3.9) = 3.9 - 3.7 = 0.2 Diff. Expr. as a % of specific 0.2 value. = ---- x 100 = 5.3% 3.8 Since we are comparing a mean value with a specific value, here CD is to be calculated on the basis of the specific value The CD for Mic. value as per the table = 6%
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Homogeneity of cottons from different stations:

A Mill received MCU5 cotton samples from Station A & Station B. Their strength values were found to be 22 g/tex & 24 g/tex resp. (based on 5 tests). The mill would like to know whether the two Cottons are similar in their strength values? Diff. in Strength value bet 2 cottons = 24 - 22 = 2 24 + 22 Ave. of Sth. values of 2 cottons = --------- = 23 2 2 Diff. Expr. as a % of the aver.=----- x 100 = 8.7% 23 The CD for Sth. as per table=5% based on 10 tests 10 The new CD% =5 x ----- = 7.1% 5

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Fibre rupture in Blowroom:

The 2.5% S.L. of mixing and lap were found to be 25 mm and 24.2 mm respectively. To ascertain whether the B.R. is creating any fibre rupture?23 Diff. in 2.5% S.L. of mixing&lap = 25 24.2 = 0.8 25 + 24.2 Ave. of 2.5% S.L. of mixing&lap = ----------- = 24.6 2

0.8 Diff. Expr. as a % of the aver.= ------- x 100 = 3.25 24.6

The CD for 2.5% S.L. as per table = 4%
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Yarn evenness between samples:

A Mill produces 40s yarn. While testing two samples from two different spinning frames for evenness, the U% values are found to be 13.8 & 15.0 resp. on the basis of 10 observations in each case. It is required to assess whether the yarn produced on the frame are equally even? The CD for U% as per the table = 7% (for 5 tests) 5 Find the new CD% = 7 x ----- = 5% 10 Diff. in U% Expr. as a % of 1.2 average = ------ x 100 = 8.3% 14.4
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Co-efficient of Variation (CV) : To compare two mean values where the C.D. is not Known

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Application of CV Method
A mill is manufacturing 16s OE Yarn using drawing sliver of nominal hank 0.14. The actual hank of Drawing sliver is found to be 0.142 The mill wants to know whether the DF sliver hank is to be corrected? In this problem, the std CV of drawing sliver hank is taken as 1% mean x CV 0.14 x 1 SD of drawing = ------------- = ----------- = 0.0014 sliver hank: 100 100 The hank of drawing sliver for the dept. 3 SD 3 x 0.0014 0.14 + ------ = 0.14 + ----------n 8 = 0.14 + 0.0015 The nominal hank of the department Lies between 0.1385 & 0.1415
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Average and minimum CSP:

A mill produces 50s P/V for export market.The mill intends to produce yarn with mini.CSP of 2500 & CV of Sth. 6% The mill would like to decide the average CSP it has to achieve so that the minimum CSP is 2500? The relation between Average & Minimum CSP is given by the formula, Mini. CSP x 100 Average CSP = ------------------(100 - 3 CV)

2500 x 100 Average CSP = --------------- = 3049 (100 - 18)

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Special Tests
1. T test : to compare two mean values 2. F test : to compare two variances (square of standard deviation) 3. 2 test : This method is to be used when there is no prior knowledge of the distribution of the test values. 4. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) : A mill engages 10 operatives in cone winding and their production for five days are known. In order to ascertain whether there is a significant difference in production between operatives or days, a special test namely, analysis of variance is to be adopted.

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Hairiness between samples:

A mill produces 80s P/C yarn. On testing two yarn samples one each from G5/1 & DJ/5 frame for hairiness, the no. of hairs/1000 m are found to be 8000 & 10000 & CV of hairiness as 30% & 40% resp.(on the basis of 20 test for each sample). The mill wantsto know whether DJ/5 R.F. is prod. More hairiness? (X1 X2) n t = --------------(S12 + S22)

Where, X1=Ave. Hairi. of Sample1 X2=Ave. Hairi. of Sample2 n=no.of tests for Sa.1 & 2

S1 & S2 = Std. deviation for sample 1 & 2 From CV & Mean, the SD could be deduced. Thus, S1 = 2400 & S2 = 4000 (10000 8000) 20 t = ------------------------ = 1.9 (24002 + 40002) The value of t for 38 d.o.f. is 2
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Auto levellers in Cards:

Due to incorporating auto levellers in the high prod. cards in a mill the CV% of card sliver decreased from 4 to 3.5. Is the difference statistically significant? (The mean hank of card sliver is 0.2 and 40 readings were taken to measure CV%) As 2 CV values are to be comp. F test can be used CV1 x mean 4 x 0.2 SD1 = ------------- = -------- = 0.008 100 100 CV2 x mean 3.5 x 0.2 SD2 = ------------- = ---------- = 0.007 100 100 SD12 (0.008)2 F = ----- = ---------- = 1.31 SD22 (0.007)2 The value of F (for n1 = 39 & n2 = 39) = 1.53
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17

Twist variability among samples:

A mill produces 40s yarn. On testing two samples from two spindles for twist, the std deviation of twist were found to be 1.31 & 2.85 based on 50 and 60 tests resp. Can it be concluded that the two samples differ in terms of their twist variation ? Here, S1 = 2.85 & S2 = 1.31 n1 = 60 & n2 = 50

(2.85)2 F = --------- = 4.7 (1.31)2

The value of F (for (df)1 = 59 & (df)2 = 49) = 1.6
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Comparison of end breaks:

A mill maintains an average end breakage rateof 150 per 1000 spl. hrs. in 60s Ne. Due to change of mixing, the breakage rate increasedto the level of 220 per 1000 spl. hrs. Has thechange of mixing increased the breakage rate? (Breaks were observed for 1000 spl. hrs.) (O E)2 2 is defined as = ---------E Where, O & E are observed & expected values
Here, O = 220 & E = 150 (220 150)2 4900 2 = ---------------- = ------- = 32.7 150 150 2 value for 1 degree of freedom is 3.84
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Comparison of neps during carding:

A Mill processes DCH-32 cotton through tandem card & high prod. card. Neps in card web were assessed by taking 10 readings in both the cards. The neps were found to be 120 & 80 per 10 gms. Does the tandem card generate more neps?

An assumption is made in the formula

(O E)2 (A B)2 2 = --------- will reduce to -------E A+B Where, A & B are the two observed values (120 80)2 2 = --------------- = 8 120 + 80 2 value for 1 degree of freedom is 3.84
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Application of Analysis of Variance Method

Cone Winding Production

A mill engages 10 operatives in cone winding and their production for five days are given in table below:
Production per winder per Shift (in Kg) Days

10

Total weigh t
641

62

67

63

66

64

68

59

63

60

69

2
3 4 5 Total

59
65 69 66 321

63
67 66 62 32 5

66
59 59 60 307

60
60 68 59 313

64
62 64 68 322

59
66 60 64 317

60
59 63 63 304

62
62 67 62 316

66
66 64 61 317

63
60 65 67 324

622
626 645 632 3166
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In order to ascertain whether there is a significant difference in production between operatives or days, a special test namely, Analysis of Variance is to be adopted. The method of computation is given below:
1. Find the sumT of all 50 readings T = 3166 2. Calculate the correction factor (CF) = T2/50 = 200471 3. Calculate the sum of the squares of the individual readings A = 200938 4. The corrected sum of the squares S = A CF = 200938 200471 = 467 5. Between days sum of squares = (641)2 + (622)2 + (626)2 + (645)2 + (632)2 - CF --------------------------------------------------------10 = 200509 200471 = 38 6. Between operatives sum of squares = (321)2 + (325)2 + + (324)2 - CF --------------------------------------------------------5 = 200559 200471 =88
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07.Error sum of squares = 467 38 88 = 341 The above information are then summarized in the following Analysis of Variance table
Source of Variation
Between days Between Operatives Error

Degree of * Freedom
4 9 36

Sum of squares
38 88 341

Mean Squares
9.50 9.78 9.47

F
1.00 1.03 -

*Degree of freedom for between days Degree of freedom for between operatives Degree of freedom for error

= No. of days 1 = No. of operatives 1 = Total No. of readings No. of days No. of operatives + 1

Mean Square F = ---------------------Error

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Since the actual values of F i.e., 1.00 for between days and 1.03 for between operatives are lower than 2.63 and 2.15, which are given in statistical tables for the corresponding degrees of freedom, it can be concluded that there is no real difference in production rates either

between operatives or between days.

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24

Interpretation of Test Data Part - II

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25

Answer for Question No. 1

Let N be the number of tests and P the percentage accuracy 2 1.96 V N = ---------P Where V is the Coefficient of Variation So, No. of Tests required to bring down the Error to 1.0% 2 1.96 x 10.89 N = ----------------1.0

= 455.58 456 tests (app.)

Answer 1 Completed
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Answer for Question No. 2

Required Percentage Error P = 0.5 ----- x 100 = 1.25 40 So, No. of Tests Required 2 N

1.96 V = ---------P

Where, V = Coefficient of Variation 2 1.96 x 1.5 = ---------1.25 = 5.53 6 tests

27

Answer 2 Continued

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Answer for Question No. 2 (Contd)

CV% = 3

Therefore, the No. of Tests required 2 = 1.96 x 3 ------------1.25 = 22.12

23 tests

Answer 2 Completed
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Answer for Question no. 3 (a)

Yarn Imperfections Follow Poisson Distribution For Poisson Distribution

SD
SD of Imperfections

= Mean
= 45

6.7
2 SD 13.0

The Mill can Conclude that the Imperfection have Increased Statistically when the Incidence of Yarn Imperfections (Checked Between Diff. Frames on a Particular Day) Exceed 45 + 13 = 58.0 Answer 3 (a) Completed.
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Answer for Question no. 3 (b)

Maximum Imperfections = 45.0/km Mean + 2SD = 45.0 Mean = 45.0 2SD = 45.0 13.0 = 32.0/km

Answer 3 (b) Contd.

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Answer for Question No. 3 (b) Contd.

Therefore, Only if the Mill Maintains,

the Imperfections at or Below 32.0/km, then the Maximum Imperfections (as

Requested by the Buyer) can be Maintained

Below 45.0/km in Most of the Occasions.

Answer 3 (b) Completed.

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Answer for Question no. 4 (a):

Rewinding Breaks
No. of cones and number of hours of observation depends on the level of accuracy required. End breaks in winding follows Poisson Distribution. In Poisson Distribution,

SD

= Mean

If C is the cone winding breaks/cone hr,

Error of estimate = 2C
i.e. e = n 2C n

Answer 4 (a) (contd.)

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Answer for Question No. 4 (a) (contd.)

n = 2C e Suppose we assume that C = 1.5 and

e
i.e.

=
0.2 C,

20% of C

Then n

2 x 1.5 0.2 C

Answer 4 (a) (contd.)

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33

Answer for Question No. 4 (a) (contd.)

n = 20 x 1.5
2C n = 400 x 1.5 4C2 = 400 x 1.5 4 x 1.5 x 1.5 = 267 cone 4 66.75 = 70 cone Hrs.

Answer 4 (a) (contd.)

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Answer for Question No. 4 (a) (contd).

Hence, breakage rate during rewinding should be assessed for 70 cone hours for an accuracy of 20%. Suppose one lot (for disposal contains) 140 Cones, Take 20% 28 cones

Observe the breakage for 2.5 hours for each cone.

Answer 4 (a) Completed. SITRA

35

Answer for Question No. 4 (b)

Rkm CV of 9% is Subjected to Statistical Fluctuation on Day To Day Basis.

95% of the Rkm CV Readings will Lie at

9+ 2x9 2 x 100 =9+ = 9 + 1.3 10.3 & 7.7

18
14.14

Answer 4(b) contd. SITRA

36

Answer for Question No. 4(b) (contd.)

99% of the Rkm CV Readings will Lie at 9+

3x9
2 x 100

=9+

27 14.14

= 9 + 1.91, 10.91 & 7.09

This Aspect has to be Kept in Mind when Rkm CV Readings Obtained Between Days are considered.
Answer 4 (b) Completed. SITRA
37

Answer for Question No. 4 (c)

This Exercise is to Estimate the Extent of Influence of Splices Made During Auto Winding on Warping Breaks In 60s Yarn, Let us Assume that, Cop Content Cone Weight = 50 gms. = 1.8 kg.

No. of Splices/Cone Made Entirely Due to Cop Changes 1800 50 = 36

Answer 4(c) contd.
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Answer for Question No. 4(c) (contd.)

Assuming One Break/Cop Due to Yarn Fault (It is Assumed that One Cop Contains 5000 mts. in 60s), Splices made on Account of Fault Removal

= 36

Total No. of Splices

= 36 + 36 = 72 = 72 = 72 = 400
Answer 4(c) contd.
39
SITRA

Total No. of Splices in a 1.8 kg Cone

No. of Splices/1.8 Lakh Metre No. of Splices/Million Metre

Answer for Question No. 4 (c) (contd.)

Standard for Warp Breaks No. of Breaks/Million Metre = 0.4 (for very good Performance)

It is Evident that the Breaks during Warping are Just 0.1% of the Splices in the Yarn. This leads to the Conclusion that Generally (Under Normal Working Conditions) Splices in Yarn are not the Reason for Excessive End Breaks During High Speed Warping.

Answer 4(c) contd.

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40

Answer for Question No. 4 (c) (contd.)

It can be further Explained that in a Yarn if the Splices Made During Auto Coner Winding is 65/Lakh metre under Normal Circumstances and on a Particular Occasion, the Splices Have Increased, Say, to a Level of 85/Lakh Metre, This will not Make Very High Difference in the Warping Breakage Rate, Say, from 0.4 Breaks/Million metre to 1.2 Breaks/Million metre.

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Answer 4(c) Completed.

Answer for Question no. 5

Snap Study Technique falls under Binomial Distribution Here SD = pq

Where, p = efficiency of the Loom Shed (in a fraction) = loss in efficiency (as a fraction) = 1-p = total no. of Looms observed
Answer 5 contd.
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q q n

Answer for Question No. 5 (contd.)

Therefore SD =

0.93 x .07 1250

= 0.0072 For 99% confi. interval, proportion of idle looms will be at + 3SD = = + 3 x .0072 + .0216

Answer 5 (contd.)

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43

Answer for Question No. 5 (contd.)

The actual efficiency will vary between

0.93 + 0.0216
= 0.9516, 0.9084 i.e. 95.16% and 90.84%.

Hence, it is concluded that the actual Loom shed eff. is not significantly lower

than the mill Norm of 95%.

Answer 5 Completed.

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44

Answer for Question no. 6

Warp Breaks/3000 Ends/1,00,000 Picks Days 1 1 2 3 4 5 Total 12 9 13 11 10 55 2 11 13 10 12 14 60 3 10 10 9 10 13 52 4 13 11 12 13 12 61

Loom Number
5 14 8 10 9 10 51 6 9 12 13 10 14 58 7 8 11 12 12 10 53 8 10 13 14 10 9 56 9 12 10 11 14 13 60 10 15 12 9 11 12 59 Total 114 109 113 112 117 565
SITRA 45

Answer 6 (contd.)

Answer for Question No. 6 (contd.)

In order to ascertain whether there is any significant difference in warp breakage rate between looms or between days, a special test viz., Analysis of Variance is to be carried out. The method of computation is given below: 1. Find the sum (total) of all 50 readings T 2. Calculate the Correction Factor CF = 565

T2 50

= 6384.5
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Answer 6 (contd.)

Answer for Question No. 6 (contd.)

3. Calculate the sum of the Squares of the individual reading A = 6537

4. The corrected sum of Squares S = A - CF

= 6537 6384.5 = 152.5 5. Between days sum of Squares = BD

BD =

(114)2+(109)2+(113)2+(112)2+(117)2 - CF 10 = 6387.9 6384.5 = 3.4

Answer 6 (contd.)
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Answer for Question No. 6 (contd.) 6. Between Looms Sum of Squares = BL (55)2+(60)2+(52)2 + + (59)2 BL = 5 = 6408.2 6384.5 = 23.7 7. Error of Sum of Squares = e e = S BD - BL = 152.5 3.4 23.7 = 125.4
Answer 6 (contd.)
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- CF

Answer for Question No. 6 (contd.)

The above information are then Summarised in the following ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

Source of Variation Between Days Between Looms Error

Degrees of Freedom 4 9 36

Sum of Squares 3.4 23.7 125.4

Mean Squares 0.85 2.63 3.48

F 0.24 0.76 SITRA 49

Answer 6 (contd.)

Answer for Question No. 6 (contd.)

Degrees of Freedom for Between Days Degrees of Freedom for Between Looms = No. of Days - 1

= No. of Looms - 1

Degrees of Freedom of Error

= Total No. of Readings

- No. of Days

- No. of Looms + 1 F

Mean Square

Error
Answer 6 (contd.)
SITRA 50

Answer for Question No. 6 (contd.)

8.

Since the actual values of F 0.24 for between days and 0.76 for between looms are lower than 2.61 and 2.18, which are given in Statistical tables for the corresponding degrees of freedom, it can be concluded that there is no real difference in warp breakage rate either between days or between looms.

Answer 6 Completed.

51
SITRA

Answer for Question no. 7

Days
End Breaks/100 Spindle Hours

2 3 4 5
Total

Ring Frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 6 5 5 3 4 3 7 5 4 5 4 4 9 4 3 6 3 5 6 6 5 4 2 5 5 4 5 4 6 21 33 24 22 22 19

Numbers 7 8 9 6 5 6 7 7 6 4 5 4 5 6 5 4 6 5 26 29 26

10 Total 7 51

8 6 7 5 33

56 48 51 49 255

Answer 7 (contd.)

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52

Answer for Question No. 7 (contd.)

In order to ascertain whether there is any significant difference in end breakage rate between ring frames or between days, a special test viz., Analysis of Variance is to be carried out. The method of computation is given below:

1. Find the sum (total) of all 50 readings T 2. Calculate the Correction Factor CF

= 255

T2
50

= 1300.50
53

Answer 7 (contd.)

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Answer for Question No. 7 (contd.)

3. Calculate the sum of the Squares of the individual reading A 4. The corrected sum of Squares S = 1393.00 = A - CF = 393.00 1300.50 = 92.50 5. Between days sum of Squares = BD

BD =

(51)2+(56)2+(48)2+(51)2+(49)2
- CF 10 = 1304.30 1300.50 = 3.8

Answer 7 (contd.)

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54

Answer for Question No. 7 (contd.)

6. Between Ring Frames Sum of Squares = BR

BR =

(21)2+(33)2+(24)2 +(22)2 + (33)2 5

- CF

= 1343.40 1300.50 = 42.9

7. Error of Sum of Squares = e e = S BD - BR = 92.50 3.8 42.9 = 45.8

Answer 7 (contd.)

55
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Answer for Question No. 7 (contd.)

The above information are then Summarised in the following ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of Variation Between Days Degrees of Sum of Freedom Squares Mean Squares

F 0.75 3.76 56

4 9 36

3.8 42.9 45.8

0.95 4.77 1.27

Between Ring Frames Error

Answer 7 (contd.) SITRA

Answer for Question No. 7 (contd.) Degrees of Freedom for Between Days

= No. of Days - 1

Degrees of Freedom for Between Ring Frames

= No. of Ring Frame - 1

Degrees of Freedom of Error

Total No. of Readings

- No. of Days
- No. of Ring Frames + 1

Mean Square
F = Error Answer 7 (contd.) SITRA
57

Answer for Question No. 7 (contd.)

Actual F Statistical Difference F Value Value Between Days 0.75 3.76 2.61 2.18 NS S

Between Ring Frames

* A real difference in end breakage rate between ring frames.

Answer 7 Completed.

58
SITRA

Answer for Question no. 8

Warping Breaks Follow Poisson Distribution.
The difference between actual and expected breaks is given by, (O E)2 E (6 4)2 = 4 Since, this value is lower than the value of 3.84, (which is given in X2 statistical tables for 1 degree of freedom at 95% confidence limit), the actual breakage rate do not differ significantly from the norms.
59

O = Observed breakage rate E = Expected breakage rate =22 /4 = 1.0

Answer 8 Completed.

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Answer for Question no. 9

End Breaks Follow Poisson Distribution.
The difference between actual and expected breaks is given by, (O E)2 E (7 3)2 = 3 = 5.33

O = Observed breakage rate

E = Expected breakage rate

Since, this value is higher than the value of 3.84, (which is given in X2 statistical tables for 1 degree of freedom at 95% confidence limits), the actual end breakage rate differ significantly from the norms.
60

Answer 9 Completed.

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Answer for Question no. 10 Total No. of Warp Breaks = 125

Breaks/Loom

m =

125 150

= 0.83

The expected no. of looms with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 Warp breaks can be calculated using Laws of Poisson Distribution
a. Expected No. of Looms with 0 Warp Breaks = 150 x e-m x mo

= 150 x e-0.83 x 0.83o = 65.41

Answer 10 (contd.)

61
SITRA

Answer for Question No.10 (contd.)

b. Expected No. of Looms with 1 Warp Breaks

150 x e-0.83 x 0.831

= 1! = 54.29

c. Expected No. of Looms with 2 Warp Breaks

150 x e-0.83 x 0.832

=

2!
= 22.53

d. Expected No. of Looms with 3 Warp Breaks

150 x e-0.83 x 0.833 =

3!
= 6.23

e. Expected No. of Looms with 4 Warp Breaks

150 x e-0.83 x 0.834 = 4! = 1.29

62

Answer 10 (contd.)SITRA

Answer for Question No. 10 (contd.)

Looms with Warp Breaks (Numbers)

No. of Warp Breaks 0

Actual (O) 70

Expected (E) 65.41

(O-E)2 E 0.32

1
2

50
25

54.29
22.53

0.34
0.27

3 4

4 1
Total

6.23 1.29

0.80 0.07
1.80

Answer 10 (contd.)

63
SITRA

Answer for Question No. 10 (contd.)

2 Value from 2 tables for 4 Degrees of freedom at 95% Confidence level is 9.49.

Since the calculated value of 2 is Lower than the value given in statistical tables, it is concluded that repeated warp breaks do not occur in looms.
Answer 10 Completed.

64
SITRA

Answer for Question no. 11 Total No. of End Breaks = 129 129 480 The expected no. of spindles with 0, 1, 2 and 3 end breaks can be calculated using Laws of Poisson Distribution

Breaks/Spindle

= 0.27

(m)

a. Expected No. of Spindles with 0 end Breaks

= 480 x e-m x mo

480 x e-0.27 x 0.27o

= 366.4 Answer 11 (contd.)

65
SITRA

Answer for Question No. 11 (contd.)

b. Expected No. of Spindles with 1 End Breaks

480 x e-0.27 x 0.271 = 1! = 98.93 480 x e-0.27 x 0.272 = 2! = 13.36 480 x e-0.27 x 0.273 =

c. Expected No. of Spindles with 2 End Breaks

d. Expected No. of Spindles with 3 End Breaks

3!
= 1.20 Answer 11 (contd.)
66
SITRA

Answer for Question No. 11 (contd.) Spindles with End Breaks (Numbers)

No. of End Breaks 0 1 2

Actual (O) 370 95 11

Expected (E) 366.4 98.93 13.36

(O-E)2 E 0.035 0.156 0.417

4
Total

1.20

6.533
7.141

Answer 11 (contd.)

67
SITRA

Answer for Question No. 11 (contd.)

2 Value from 2 table for 3 degrees of freedom at 95% Confidence level is 7.81. Since the calculated value of 2 is Lower than the value given in statistical tables, it is concluded that repeated end breaks do not occur in spindles.
Answer 11 Completed.

68

SITRA

Answer for Question No. 12

POPULATION S.D.
S =

(n1-1) SD12 + (n2-1) SD22

----------------------------------------------

Here,

n1 = n 2

n1 + n2 - 2
= 10
1
2

SD1 = 4 ; x
SD2 = 5 ; x
S =

= 48
= 46 = 4.53
69
SITRA

(10 -1)42 + (10-1)52

--------------------------------------

10+10 -2

Answer 12 Continued

Answer for Question No. 12 (Contd)

HENCE t VALUE

[X1 - X2 ] = ------------------S 1/n1 + 1/n2

[48 - 46 ] = ----------------------4.53 1/10 + 1/10 = 1.00

So, degrees of freedom V = n1 + n2 2 = 10 + 10 - 2 = 18

Comparing the same with statistical tabular value, t = 2.101 at 95% level t = 2.878 at 99% level
Answer 12 Continued
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Answer for Question No. 12 (Contd)

Here, the calculated t value ,i.e, 1.00 is

less than the corresponding statistical tabular

value at 95% level. So, there is insufficient

evidence to prove that the chemical treatment

has weakened the fabric.

Answer 12 Completed

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Answer for Question No. 13

Step 1
Calculate the Standard Error of the means, S.E.1 and S.E.2 S.D.1 7.8 S.E.1 = -------- = -------- = 1.42 n1 30 S.D.2 8.2 S.E.2 = -------- = -------- = 1.50 n2 30

Step 2

Calculate the Standard Error of the difference, between the means : S.E.diff = (S.E.12 + S.E.22) S.E.diff = (1.422 + 1.52)

= 2.06

Answer 13 Continued

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Step 3

Answer for Question No. 13

Calculate the ratio [mean1 - mean2 ] [X1 - X2 ] ---------------------- = ------------S.E.diff S.E.diff

[58 - 65] [7] ---------------------- = ------------Step 4

2.06 2.06

= 3.4

Compare the value of this ratio with 1.96 and 2.58 3.4 > 2.58 Conclusion : Since 3.4 is greater than 2.58, the diff. Between mean lea strengths is significant at the 1 percent i.e. a real difference exists.
Answer 13 Completed
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Answer for Question No. 14

Step 1
Calculate the S.E. of the Standard Deviation :

S.E.

S.D. of sample =----------------- 2n

n = 40

S.D. of sample = 8.6 S.E. 8.6 =----------------- (2 x 40) = 0.96

Answer 14 Continued
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Answer for Question No. 14

Step 2
Calculate the ratio :

Difference between the S.D.s -----------------------------------S.E. of the standard deviation [ 6.4 - 8.6 ] ----------------- = 2.3 0.96

Step 3

Compare the value of this ratio with the values 1.96 and 2.58, the 5 percent and 1 percent levels;

2.3 exceeds 1.96 but less than 2.58

Conclusions : Although there is some evidence of a difference in variability it is significant at the 5 percent level.
Answer 14 Completed

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Answer for Question No. 15

Step 1
Calculate the variances of the sample & population :

Variance = S.D.2 V1, the sample variance is 2.02 = 4.0

V2, the population variance is 1.52 = 2.25 Step 2

Calculate F, the variance ratio :

Variance expected to be greater F = ------------------------------------Variance expected to be smaller

Answer 15 Continued
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Answer for Question No. 15

V1 4 F = ---- = ----V2 2.25 Step 3 Degrees of freedom for the sample, V1 = 9-1 = 8 Population is very large, hence it is taken as Infinity, V2 F ratio for 5 per cent significance limit is 1.94 F ratio for 1 per cent significance limit is 2.51 Therefore, found to be not significant
Answer 15 Completed
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= 1.78