OSI Network Layer

Network Fundamentals Chapter 5

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Objectives

Identify the role of the Network Layer, as it describes communication from one end device to another end device
Examine the most common Network Layer protocol, Internet Protocol (IP), and its features for providing connectionless and best-effort service Understand the principles used to guide the division or grouping of devices into networks Understand the hierarchical addressing of devices and how this allows communication between networks Understand the fundamentals of routes, next hop addresses and packet forwarding to a destination network

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Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)

The Network layer, or OSI Layer 3, provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices. To accomplish this end-to-end transport, Layer 3 uses four basic processes:
Addressing Encapsulation

Routing
Decapsulation

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Network Layer Protocols

Protocols implemented at the Network layer that carry user data include: Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)

Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)

AppleTalk Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet)

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Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)

Identify the basic characteristics and the role of the IPv4 protocol

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Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)

Describe the implications for the use of the IP protocol as it is connectionless

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Best Effort Service (unreliable)

Unreliable means simply that IP does not have the capability to manage, and recover from, undelivered or corrupt packets.
The header of an IP packet does not include fields required for reliable data delivery. There are no acknowledgments of packet delivery. There is no error control for data. Nor is there any form of packet tracking; therefore, there is no possibility for packet retransmissions.

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Media Independent
IPv4 and IPv6 operate independently of the media, any individual
IP packet can be communicated electrically over cable, as optical signals over fiber, or wirelessly as radio signals. It is the responsibility of the OSI Data Link layer to take an IP packet and prepare it for transmission over the communications medium. One major characteristic of the media that the Network layer considers: the maximum size of PDU that each medium can transport. This characteristic is referred to as the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU). Fragmentation: Splitting a packet to forwarding it from one media to a media with a smaller MTU
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Packaging the Transport Layer PDU

IPv4 encapsulates, or packages, the Transport layer segment or datagram so that the network can deliver it to the destination host.

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IPv4 Packet Header

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Conti
IP Destination Address IP Source Address Time-to-Live Protocol (ICMP, TCP, UDP)

Type-of-Service (use for QoS e.g voice, video data etc)

Fragment Offset Identifies the order in which to place the packet fragment in the reconstruction. Flag 1) More Fragments flag
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2) Don't Fragment flag

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Separating Hosts into Common groups

Dividing Networks Geographic location Purpose Ownership

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Common issues with large networks

Performance degradation Security issues

Address Management

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Why separate Hosts into Networks

Improving Performance

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Grouping Devices into Networks and Hierarchical Addressing

Improving Security

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Gateway
The gateway, also known as the default gateway, is needed to send a packet out of the local network. If the network portion of the destination address of the packet is different from the network of the originating host, the packet has to be routed outside the original network.

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Fundamentals of Routes, Next Hop Addresses and Packet Forwarding

Role of Gateway is to send packets to different network when the destination is unknown. Router play the role of Gateway but its interface must be on the same Network/Subnet where source exist.

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Next Hop Address

The next address/router interface to which the packet will be route.

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Routing Table
The routing table stores information about connected and remote networks.
Routes in a routing table have three main features: Destination network

Next-hop
Metric To display routing table use show ip route Command.

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Host Routing Table

A host creates the routes used to forward the packets it originates. These routes are derived from the connected network and the configuration of the default gateway. The routing table of a computer host can be examined at the command line by issuing the netstat -r, route, or route PRINT commands.

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Fundamentals of Routes, Next Hop Addresses and Packet Forwarding

Define a route and its three key parts

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Fundamentals of Routes, Next Hop Addresses and Packet Forwarding

Describe the purpose and use of the destination network in a route

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Fundamentals of Routes, Next Hop Addresses and Packet Forwarding

Describe the purpose and use of the next hop in a route

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Fundamentals of Routes, Next Hop Addresses and Packet Forwarding

Trace the steps of several IP packets as they are routed through several gateways from devices on one sub network to devices on other sub networks

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Fundamentals of Routes, Next Hop Addresses and Packet Forwarding

Describe the purpose of routing protocols and the need for both static and dynamic routes

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Fundamentals of Routes, Next Hop Addresses and Packet Forwarding

Explain how routes are manually configured to build routing table

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Summary

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