Basic IP Addressing

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MINI-LINK HC Operation & Maintenance

Basic IP Addressing
Module objective, Agenda

To provide knowledge in standard IP addressing

IP address structure IP v.4 IP Net and Sub-net Routing

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MINI-LINK HC Operation & Maintenance

Basic IP Addressing
General about IP addresses
Expressed as four decimals. Each decimal is digitally represented by one byte. Gives that an address consists of 32bit. (IP v.4)

Every Host in a DCN is assigned an IP address

192.168.128.100

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0. 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 Bit value:

255.255.255.255 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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Basic IP Addressing
General about IP addresses
Five different classes Each class has a certain series of consecutive addresses assigned - Class A, B and C for different network sizes - Class D for multicast - Class E for experiment

Two different types - Public addresses, for exclusive use on the Internet. - Private addresses, for free use in isolated networks - Class A, B, and C have all a series of Private addresses - MINI-LINK default IP addresses are Private addresses

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Basic IP Addressing
IP Data Communication Network
IP DCN

IP Network

Router

IP Network

Router

IP Network

IP Network

IP Network

Every IP based DCN (Internet, Corporate LAN, MINI-LINK O&M DCN) is divided into a number of Networks (Nets) or even divided into sub-networks (Sub-nets). The IP Networks helps organize the addressing structure of the DCN as each Network is assigned a certain IP address range. The routing (switching in telecom language) of data packages towards their destination Network is performed by Routers.
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Basic IP Addressing
IP Networks
Router

IP Network
Host IP address Host IP address Host IP address Host IP address

Router Host

Every IP Network (Net) has:

A Netmask, defining the maximum number of Host addresses (number of connectable ports) in the Network and the assigned address range. A Net address, which is the lowest address of the assigned address range, the address of the Network itself. A number of Host addresses, how many is defined by the Netmask A Broadcast address, which is the highest address in the assigned address range, used for calls to all Hosts All addresses associated with the Network form a consecutive series.
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Basic IP Addressing
IP Networks
Size defined by the Netmask

Host addresses

Broadcast address

Host addresses Net address

Host addresses

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Basic IP Addressing
Routers
Router

IP Network

Routers in general:
Devices used to connect data communication networks. Equipped with a number of network ports, where each will be a Host in a Network. All ports of the Router have to be connected to different IP networks. Routes IP addressed data packages to their destination. Uses static (manually set-up) or dynamic routing (automatic) to rout packages correctly. With dynamic routing the best path can be automatically chosen when multiple paths are available.

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Basic IP Addressing
IP Networks, Netmask
Net address 255 Netmask: 255.255.0.0 Example of: Net address: 172.128.0.0 255 Host address 0 0

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 10101100.10000000.00000000.00000000

Broadcast address: 172.128.255.255

10101100.10000000.11111111.11111111
Netmask Larger, fewer Nets Smaller, more Nets

Netmask
The Netmask is built-up by four bytes A digital 1 represents a bit defining the Net adress. A digital 0 represents a bit (Host adresses)

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Basic IP Addressing
Class A Net (Huge Nets)
Net address
255 Class A Netmask: 255.0.0.0 Example of Net address: 123.0.0.0 Example of Host address: 123.128.222.67 Broadcast address: 123.255.255.255 0 Host address 0 0

11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 01111011.00000000.00000000.00000000 01111011.10000000.11011110.01000011 01111011.11111111.11111111.11111111

Class A Net
Uses the first byte for the net number Netmask: 255.0.0.0 Nets from 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0 (in total 126 Nets) Private Net: 10.0.0.0 (1 Net) Maximum number of Hosts per Net: approx.16,7 million Used by very large companies and institutions
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Basic IP Addressing
Class B Net (Large Nets)
Net address
255 Class B Netmask: 255.255.0.0 Example of Net address: 172.128.0.0 Example of Host address: 172.128.222.67 Broadcast address: 172.128.255.255 255 Host address 0 0

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 10101100.10000000.00000000.00000000 10101100.10000000.11011110.01000011 10101100.10000000.11111111.11111111

Class B Net
Uses the 2 first bytes for the net number Netmask: 255.255.0.0 Nets from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0 (in total 16,384 Nets) Private Nets 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.0.0 (16 Nets) Maximum number of Hosts per Net: 65,534 Used by large companies and institutions.
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Basic IP Addressing
Class C Net (Small Nets)
Net address
255 Class C Netmask: 255.255.255.0 Example of Net address: 200.128.222.0 Example of Host address: 200.128.222.67 Broadcast address: 200.128.222.255 255 255 Host address 0

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 11001000.10000000.11011110.00000000 11001000.10000000.11011110.01000011 11001000.10000000.11011110.11111111

Class C Net
Uses the 3 first bytes for the Net number Netmask: 255.255.255.0 Nets from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0 (approx. 2 million. Nets) Private Nets 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0 (256 Nets) Maximum number of Hosts per Net: 254 Used for smaller nets
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Basic IP Addressing
IP Networks
Network Router IP IP Host Net address: 192.168.128.0 Net mask: 255.255.255.0 Host addresses: 192.168.128.1 192.168.128.2 192.168.128.3 192.168.128.4 192.168.128.254 Broadcast address: 192.168.128.255
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Network IP Router IP IP Host IP Host

Net address: 192.168.129.0 Net mask: 255.255.255.0 Host addresses: 192.168.129.1 192.168.129.2 192.168.129.3 192.168.129.4 192.168.129.254 Broadcast address: 192.168.129.255
MINI-LINK HC Operation & Maintenance

Basic IP Addressing
Sub-netting, Class C Network
Netmask 255.255.255. .0 .128 .192 .224 .240 .248
0

= 4 addresses

1 2 8 6 4 3 2 1 6 8 1 6 2 4 3 2 3 2 4 8 4 4 0 8 5 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 7 2 8 0 8 0 8 8 9 6 9 6 9 6 1 0 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 0 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 3 6 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 5 2 1 6 0 1 6 0 1 6 0 1 6 8 1 7 6 1 7 6 1 8 4 1 9 2 1 9 2 1 9 2 1 9 2 2 0 0 2 0 8 2 0 8 2 1 6 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 3 2 2 4 0 2 4 0 2 4 8

.252

0 481 12223344455 666 7788 8 99 1 111111111 111111111 1 111 112222 2 222 22 22 22 2 60482604826 048 2604 8 26 0 001122233 444556667 7 888 990001 1 222 33 44 45 0 482604826 048260482 6 048 260482 6 048 26 04 82

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Basic IP Addressing
Sub-netting, Class C Network example
192.168.128.100

xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx. x x x x x x x x No off Hosts per No off Subnets: Subnets:

NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH 0

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

Net mask: 255.255.255.0

254 14

255.255.255.240 NNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN. SSSSHHHH 16

255.255.255.248 NNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN. SSSSSHHH 32 255.255.255.252 NNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN. SSSSSSHH 64
Class C Net Subnet Hosts

6 2

192.168.1.1/28 = Indicates IP address 192.168.1.1 with sub-net mask 255.255.255.240

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Basic IP Addressing
Sub-netting, Class C Network example
192.168.128.100

xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx. x x x x x x x x

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

Net mask:

255.255.255.252 2 Hosts

255.255.255.248 6 Hosts 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1 - 6

Net address: 192.168.1.0 Host addresses: 192.168.1.1 - 2

Broadcast address: 192.168.1.3

Net address: 192.168.1.4

192.168.1.7
192.168.1.8

Host addresses: 192.168.1.5 - 6

Broadcast address: 192.168.1.7

192.168.1.9 - 14
192.168.1.15

Net address: 192.168.1.8

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192.168.1.16
MINI-LINK HC Operation & Maintenance

Basic IP Addressing

Class D Net
Used for Multicast For sending information to groups or routers Addresses from 224. to 239.

Class E Net
Used for experimental addresses Addresses from 240. to 255.

Special addresses
Used for internal use inside the computers Cant be used for IP addresses in networks Addresses starting with 127.

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Basic IP Addressing
Protocols, Ethernet
PPP protocol Router Server Client Router Router

Server PPP protocol Client Ethernet protocol LAN Ethernet protocol LAN

Ethernet protocol: Connection between several equal hosts. Used for example in Local Area Network, LAN. Each Host has a unique IP address and is belonging to a certain Net. Host or Net addresses to be used as Routing destination

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Basic IP Addressing
Static Routing
Fixed routes are automatically found by the Router Static and Default routes are manually specified

I Fixed Fixed Static Static

Destination A.0 B.0 C.0 D.0

Mask
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

Gateway A.1 B.1 B.6 B.6

II Fixed Fixed Static Static

Destination B.0 C.0 D.0 A.0

Mask
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

Gateway B.6 C.1 C.5 B.1

III Fixed Fixed Static Static

Destination D.0 C.0 B.0 A.0

Mask
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

Gateway D.1 C.5 C.1 C.1

Net: A.0

Net: B.0

Net: C.0

Net: D.0

A.1 A.2

B.1

B.6

II

C.1

C.5 C.4

III

D.1

B.2

B.5

C.2

D.1

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Basic IP Addressing
Static Routing
Fixed routes are automatically found by the Router Static and Default routes are manually specified

Default Gateway Static Routing

I Fixed Fixed Static Static Destination A.0 B.0 C.0 D.0 Mask
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

Gateway A.1 B.1 B.6 B.6

II Fixed Fixed Static Default

Destination Mask Gateway B.0 255.255.255.0 B.6 C.0 255.255.255.0 C.1 D.0 255.255.255.0 C.5 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 B.1

III Fixed Fixed Default

Destination Mask Gateway D.0 255.255.255.0 D.1 C.0 255.255.255.0 C.5 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 C.1

Net: A.0

Net: B.0

Net: C.0

Net: D.0

A.1 A.2

B.1

B.6

II

C.1

C.5 C.4

III

D.1

B.2

B.5

C.2

D.1

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Basic IP Addressing
Protocols, Peer to Peer, PPP
PPP protocol Router Server Client Router Router

Server PPP protocol Client Ethernet protocol LAN Ethernet protocol LAN

PPP protocol (Peer to peer): Connection between one Server and one Client. Not an IP Network, no Netmask, just any two IP addresses. To bridge between Ethernet LANs. If not used as routing destination the same IP addresses can be repeated for several PPP connections.

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Basic IP Addressing
Static Routing
Fixed routes are automatically found by the Router Static and Default routes are manually specified

Default Gateway Static Routing

I Fixed Fixed Fixed Static Static Default Destination Mask Gateway Server1 0.0.0.0 Client1 Client2 0.0.0.0 Server2 B.0 255.255.255.0 B.1 C.0 255.255.255.0 Client2 D.0 255.255.255.0 Client2 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Server1

II Fixed Fixed Fixed Static Default

Destination Mask Gateway Server2 0.0.0.0 Client2 Client3 0.0.0.0 Server3 C.0 255.255.255.0 C.1 D.0 255.255.255.0 Client3 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Server2

III Fixed Fixed Fixed Default

Destination Mask Gateway Client4 0.0.0.0 Server4 Server3 0.0.0.0 Client3 D.0 255.255.255.0 D.1 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Server3

PPP Server1

PPP

PPP

PPP Client4

Client1

Server2 B.1

Client2

II

Server3 C.1

Client3

III

Server4 D.1

LAN
B.2 B.3 C.2

LAN
C.3

LAN
D.2

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Basic IP Addressing
OSPF Routing, Open Shortest Path First

Dynamic self learning routing protocol. Routers communicates with Hello packages about - the cheapest (fastest) path to each other - what nets are connected to what Routers. A database common to all Routers keeps track of the data If a link goes down the traffic can be rerouted via an alternative path.

=Router
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Basic IP Addressing
OSPF Routing, Open Shortest Path First
Each Router is given an exclusive Identity, - similar to an IP address (for example 192.168.10.1) - no technical demand for any specific address - a practical approach is to have a logical connection to one port address of the Router The Routers are organized in Areas - maximum usable Area size is in general 4050 routers - each Area is given an Identity (like an IP address) - in a Network with several connected areas Area 0.0.0.0 is mandatory as Master Area - each Router Port is assigned to be belonging to an Area

Identity

Area 0.0.0.0

Area 0.0.0.1 Area 0.0.0.2

Stub Areas

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MINI-LINK HC Operation & Maintenance

Basic IP Addressing
OSPF Routing, Open Shortest Path First
A Router with all ports belonging to the same OSPF Area is named Intra Area Router A Router with its ports belonging to different OSPF Areas is named Area Border Router, ABR A Router with its ports belonging to different dynamic routing protocols is called Autonomous System Border Router, ASBR

Intra Area Router

ABR Router

ASBR Router

Other routing protocol

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Basic IP Addressing
Routing Decision
Where to send this data package?

Is there a Static Route to the Destination? NO OK, but is there a Dynamic Route to the Destination? NO

YES!

Go for it!

YES!

Go for it!

OK, then lets go for the Default Gateway!

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