Spectrum Analyzer

Spectrum analyzer
Type of wave analyzer Uses an oscilloscope to display Gives a real time picture of spectrum Gives graphical display

Simple spectrum analyzer

Heterodyne type

Heterodyne type
Principle double super heterodyne Range in VHF 10 K Hz 300 M Hz 1 st Stage If 400 MHz i/p image Freq. removed 1st IF LPF used Selectivity 1 KHz from 2 nd IF 1st LO tuned by varactor diode

Spectrum analyzer
Spectrum analyzer should sweep narrow freq Span of Freq that is swept dispersion of analyzer

Spectrum analyzer
Two instabilities 1. Drift in 1st LO result- spectrum moves across scan. operator can adjust if slow. 2. freq in stability. 1st LO - due to noise in tuned ckt causes side band. transferred to signal. Reciprocal mixing

Spectrum analyzer
so 1 st LO is phase locked with a 1 MHz xtal oscillator 2 nd LO tuning rate narrow determines selectivity. Display- logarithmic- so special IF ampscalled log IF amp used

Spectrum analyzer
Usefulness of spectrum analyzer dynamic range Dynamic range= ( Largest- smallest) Smallest signal is noise Large signal-obtained by inter modulation

Spectrum analyzer
MDS =-114 + 10 log (BW/ 1 MHz) +NF MDS- Min. detectable signal in Db m Separation of signals- fn of 2 IF Sweep rate- slow for storage displays

Spectrum analyzer for higher frequencies

>1000 MHz So oscillator 1000- 2000 Mhz YIG oscillator Yttrium iron garnet- ferromagnetic molecules randomly aligned- used in microwaves

Spectrum analyzer
Range extended by harmonic mixing ie, not only RF mixed but odd harmonic components

Spectrum anayzer for high freq

Fourier transform spectrum analyzer

Uses Fourier transform Uses digital computer FFT algorithm Also called Fourier analyzer or digital analyzers Requires lesser hardware Signal can be captured, frozen- can perform mathematical operation

FFT Type
Not continuous but with finite & good resolution Spectrum found at specific intervals

FFT Type
Resolution Fr = 1/T T sampling window time F- resolution freq No. of data point determine quality of spectrum- on Nyquist rate

FFT Type
A low freq. Signal for 1s FFT spectrum analyzer calculates spectrum as if sampled data within a window is repeated Bcoz i/p beyond this window - unknown

FFT Type
For 1 s data if sampling rate is 1 hz 500 points will be displayed

FFT Type
Dynamic range Rd = 20 log 2 N N- no. of bits in digitalization

FFT Type
Since FFT samples a fixed amount of time spectrum represented as a window, data periodically repeated.

FFT Type
Windows open gradually Windows. Rectangular, Hamming or Hann window selectable windows

FFT Type
FFT analyzer restricted to low freq due to performance of ADC Speed of conversion improved by Flash converter- range up to 500 KHz.

Block diagram

LPF Att enr

ADC

Com pute r
DAC

To V To H plates

FFT Type

Frequency measurement

Freq. Measurement
principle=- gating i/p into a counter of predetermined value Predetermined value 1s exact Gates AND or OR Heart is decade counter sync counter or BCD look ahead or carry forward type improves speed

Freq. Measurement
7 segment display Scan oscillator counter is used Display const as long as measure

Freq .Measurement
4 sequence of events can be controlled by time base Resetting counter Opening gate Closing count gate Storing gate count Opening and closing critical, accurate so temp. controlled Xtal oscillator used

 If i/p is weak amplified . Since signal unknown amplifier provided

Time measurement

Time measurement
2 i/p one to close other to open, one internal clock gives interval b/w signal

Frequency measurement

Period measurement

Period Measurement
Determine period of pulse b/w rising edge & falling edge

Time measurement

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