Information Age

Knowledge Age
Information processing & communication capabilities
Advanced computing approaches Easily manipulate Information into Knowledge Knowledge refine Information

Global Village
Global Financing

Global Sourcing
Joint ventures plus research & Development

Definition of a System
Group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process

Information System
Organized combination of people, procedure, hardware, software,communications networks and data resources that collects, transforms, and disseminates information in an organization.

Why Study Information Systems?

IS is a vital component of successful

businesses and organizations
So much so that it is now considered a major functional area in business operations

IS is relevant whether youre a

Manager Business professional

What You Need to Know About IS

Management of IS
Resources and Strategies

Applications of IS
To Operations, Management, and Strategic Advantage

Development of IS
Planning, Development, and Implementation

Technology of IS
Hardware, Software, Networks , and Data Management

Foundation Concepts of IS
Fundamental Behavioral, Technical, Business, & Managerial Concepts

Types of Information Systems

Manual (paper & pencil) Informal (word-of-mouth) Formal (written procedures) Computer-based
Use computer hardware, software, the Internet and other telecommunications networks, computer-based data management techniques, and other forms of Information Technology to transform data resources into a variety of information products for consumers and business professionals

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the capability of computers to simulate the functions of human brain.

Expert System

Software programs that store the knowledge of human expert and then serve as consultants in particular fields are called Expert Systems.

Natural Language Processing

Natural language processing is the capacity of computer to understand human language and translate it into instructions upon which to act.

Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy logic provides the ability for a computer to make decisions based on varying data much the same way as a human world.

Management Information System

MIS provides people either data or information relating to an organizations operations.

MIS Subsystems
Management Information System (MIS)

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

Management Reporting System (MRS)

Decision Support System (DSS)

Office Information System (OIS)

Transaction Processing System

A Transaction processing system (TPS) supports the processing of a firms business transactions.

The Nature of Transaction Processing

Transaction Processing Functions

BookKeeping Issuance Control reporting

Role of IT in Transaction Processing

Error Level Temporary or permanent loss of data Labor intensity Poor level of services

Poor response

The Transaction Processing Cycle

File & database Processing (3) Transaction Processing (2) Document & Report generation (4)

Data entry (1)

Inquiry processing (5)

Data Entry
Source document Manual edit Batched source documents Key-to-tape Unsorted Transaction file

Magnetic Tape drive

Editing

Sorting

Sorted Transaction file

Ready for processing

Corrected transactions

Correction

Rejected transactions

Batch Processing System

Batches of checks
Master Files Check Processing program Customer statements Transaction file Checking Account processing

Reader/ sorter

Printer

Management reports

Updated Master files

Real Time System

Product database Customer database Transaction database On-line workstation Transaction processing Database updates Inquiry response processing Inquiries And responses

On-line POS Terminals Transaction Data entry

Application Programs required For processing

Document and Report Generation

Information documents Turnaround documents

Action documents
Accounting statements Control listings Edit reports

Management Reporting System

MRS is an information system that provides predefined types of information to management.

Hardcopy summary
Screen output

Properties of MRS
Support structured decisions.

Provide fixed type of information.

Often require a formal run schedule. Internal operational data, rather than data about the external environment. Concerned with data about past than data relating to the future.

Often summary oriented.

Types of Reports
Scheduled reports
Exception reports Demand reports

Structuring Report Content

Relevance
Timeliness Accuracy

Verifiability

Decision Support System

DSS is a system that provides tools to manages to assists them in solving semistructured and unstructured problems.

DSS Goals and Applications

Support semistructured & unstructured decision making Flexibility in specifying output requirement Easy to use

Steps in solving problem with a DSS

Define and formulate problem

Frame problem into DSS model

Use model to obtain results

Reformulate problem

Components of A DSS
DSS software
Decision Maker Database management Database Dialogue generation and management DSS generation Model management Model base

DSS Generator
The software packages used to develop and maintain DSS are usually called DSS generator.

Database Management
Data extraction

Finance

DSS database
Database management

Marketing

Data modification
Data retrieval Report generation

Dialogue management subsystem

Model management subsystem

Personnel . . . and so on

Model Management
Model database Model management software Data management subsystem Dialogue management subsystem Model creation Model modification Model use
Calculator function Marketing models Operational models Simulation models Forecasting models Financial models Statistical models and so on

Model maintenance

Dialogue Management
input module that support Keyboard Light pen Mouse Device support software Output module that support Graphics On-screen display Multimedia display

Scanner
Pen-based tablet . . and so on

Report generator
Plotters . . and so on

Data management subsystem

Model management subsystem

Putting A DSS to Work

Information Retrieval Selection and Projection

Data Reconfiguration
Sorting data Exchanging fields

Joining
Presentation graphics Calculator Activities Functions Analysis

Emp. ID. 1 2 3

Name Job Sal Ali Manager 12000 Ahmed Salesman 6000 Imran Programmer 20000
Sal 12000 6000

Dept. No. 10 10 20
Dept. No. 10 10 20 Dept. No.

Emp. ID. Name Job 1 Ali Manager 2 Ahmed Salesman 3 Imran Emp. ID. Name

Programmer 20000 Job Sal

1 Ali Manager 12000 2 Ahmed Salesman 6000 3 Imran Programmer 20000

10 10 20

Putting A DSS to Work

Information Retrieval Selection and Projection

Data Reconfiguration
Sorting data Exchanging fields

Joining
Presentation graphics Calculator Activities Functions Analysis

Reconfiguring Data
(a) Sorting by name
EMPNO
1110

NAME
Ali Irfan Nadeem Usman

DEPTNO
20 10 10 10

Original data
EMPNO
1010 1110 2102 2399

1010

NAME
Irfan Ali Usman Nadeem

DEPTNO
10 20 10 10

2399 2102

(b) Exchanging fields

DEPTNO EMPNO
10 20 10 1010 1110 2102

NAME
Irfan Ali Usman

10

2399

Nadeem

Deptno 10 (25%) Deptno 20 (75%)

(c) Joining
EMPNO
1010 1110 2102 2399

NAME
Irfan Ali Usman Nadeem

DEPTNO DNAME
10 20 10 10 IT Accounts IT IT

(d) Pie chart

Putting A DSS to Work

Information Retrieval Selection and Projection

Data Reconfiguration
Sorting data Exchanging fields

Joining
Presentation graphics Calculator Activities Functions Analysis

Analysis
Analysis refers to using a DSS to review a set of facts and to assist in drawing conclusions based on those facts.

Statistical Tools Optimizing Tools

What-If Analysis
Artificial Intelligence

DSS Development
Determination of decision making requirement Development of initial DSS prototype

Evaluation of prototype/DSS

Modification/maintenance Loop

Modification Loop

Are Decision making Requirements Satisfied?

Yes

Completion and documentation of DSS

No Modification of prototype/DSS Usable DSS

DSS Products
Specific DSS A specific DSS allows one or more decision makers to deal with a specific problem or set of related problems.

DSS generator A DSS generator is a package of related hardware and software that allows the user to quickly and easily build a specific DSS. DSS Tool A DSS tool is a hardware, software, procedure or data element that enables the user to build either a specific DSS or a DSS generator.

Group DSS

Components of GDSS
GDSS Model base

User

Dialogue manager

GDSS processor GDSS Database system

Groupware

GDSS Configurations and Classifications

Decision room

Local area network

Teleconferencing Wide area decision network Level-1 GDSS Level-2 GDSS Level-3 GDSS

Executive Information System

EIS sometimes referred as an executive support system ESS is a DSS that as designed to meet the special needs of top-level managers.

Knowledge-Based System Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the capability of computers to simulate the functions of human brain.

Artificial Intelligence Applications

Artificial Intelligence

Expert System

Natural Languages

Vision System

Robotics .

Neural Networks

Development Expert System

Determination of Expert System requirement Acquisition of knowledge from human experts Development of ES prototype Testing/ refinement of ES prototype Testing/ refinement loop Yes Is theESs Performance Satisfactory? Complete the operational ES

No Update and maintain the ES

Expert System
Versus

Conventional Applications

Office Information System

Combination of information technologies that have a dramatic impact on day-to-day office operations are called Office Information System.

Office Workers
Managers Staff professionals Line professionals Secretaries Clerical personnel

Office Work
Decision Making Data manipulation Document handling Communications Storage

Types of OA System
Office Information System

Document management systems Word-processing systems Desktop publishing

Message Handling systems Electronic mail Voice mail Facsimile

Teleconferencing systems

Office Support system

Audio conferencing Groupwave Video conferencing Computer conferencing Desktop organizers Computer assisted design

Reprographics
Image processing systems Archival storage

Telecommuting

Presentation graphics
In house electronic bulletin boards