Virus structure, classification and replication

Viruses defined

Obligate intracellular parasites

Under attack!

(From Medical Microbiology, 4th ed., Murray, Rosenthal, Kobayashi & Pfaller, Mosby Inc., 2002, Fig. 65-1.)

Structures compared

From Medical Microbiology, 5th ed., Murray, Rosenthal & Pfaller, Mosby Inc., 2005, Fig. 6-4.

Basic virus structure

DNA

or
RNA

Capsid protein

Nucleocapsid

Naked capsid virus

Nucleocapsid

Lipid membrane, glycoproteins

Enveloped virus

Capsid symmetry
Icosahedral Helical
Naked capsid

Enveloped

Matrix Lipid Glycoprotein

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Images/Ackerman/Animalvi/Adenovir/799-16.htm

Icosahedral naked capsid viruses

Adenovirus Electron micrograph Foot and mouth disease virus Crystallographic model
http://virology.wisc.edu/virusworld/ICTV8/fmd-foot-and-mouth-ictv8.jpg

Helical naked capsid viruses

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/em_tmv.gif

RNA

Protein
Caspar and Klug, Adv Virus Res. 1960;7:225-325

Tobacco mosaic virus Electron micrograph

Tobacco mosaic virus Model

Icosahedral enveloped viruses

http://virology.wisc.edu/virusworld/images/herpescapsid.GIF http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/emimages.html

Herpes simplex virus Electron micrograph

Herpes simplex virus Nucleocapsid cryoEM model

http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/fluvirus.html

Influneza A virus Electron micrograph Paramyxovirus Electron micrograph

http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/paramyx.html

Helical enveloped viruses

Properties of enveloped viruses

Envelope is sensitive to

Drying Heat Detergents Acid

Must stay wet during transmission Transmission in large droplets and secretions Cannot survive in the gastrointestinal tract Do not need to kill cells in order to spread May require both a humoral and a cellular immune response

Consequences

Adapted from Murray, P.R. Rosenthal K.S., Pfaller, M.A. (2005) Medical Microbiology, 5th edition, Elsevier Mosby, Philadelphia, PA Box 6-5

Properties of naked capsid viruses

Capsid is resistant to
Drying Heat Detergents Acids Proteases Can survive in the gastrointestinal tract Retain infectivity on drying Survive well on environmental surfaces Spread easily via fomites Must kill host cells for release of mature virus particles Humoral antibody response may be sufficient to neutralize infection

Consequences

Adapted from Murray, P.R. Rosenthal K.S., Pfaller, M.A. (2005) Medical Microbiology, 5th edition, Elsevier Mosby, Philadelphia, PA , Box 6-4

Taxonomy of the Order Mononegavirales

Order Mononegavirales Family Bornaviridae Bornavirus Rhabdoviridae Vesiculovirus Lyssavirus Ephemerovirus Novirhabdovirus Cytorhabdovirus Nucleorhabdovirus Filoviridae Marburghvirus Ebolavirus Paramyxoviridae Paramyxovirinae Rubulavirus Avulavirus Respirovirus Henipavirus Morbillivirus Pneumovirinae Pneumovirus Metapneumovirus
a

Subfamily

Genus

Type Species

Hosta

Borna disease virus Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus Rabies virus Bovine ephemeral fever virus Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus Lettuce necrotic yellows virus Potato yellow dwarf virus Lake Victoria marburgvirus Zaire ebolavirus

V V, I V V, I V P, I P, I V V

Mumps virus Newcastle disease virus Sendai virus Hendra virus Measles virus

V V V V V

Human respiratory syncytial virus Avian metapneumovirus

V V

V, vertebrate; I, insect; P, plant.

Fields Vriology (2007) 5th edition, Knipe, DM & Howley, PM, eds, Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia Table 2.2

Classification of Human Viruses

"Group" dsDNA Family Poxviridae Herpesviridae Adenoviridae Polyomaviridae Papillomaviridae ssDNA Anellovirus Parvoviradae Retro Hepadnaviridae Retroviridae dsRNA Reoviridae ssRNA (-) Rhabdoviridae Filoviridae Paramyxoviridae Orthomyxoviridae Bunyaviridae Arenaviridae Deltavirus ssRNA (+) Picornaviridae Calciviridae Hepevirus Astroviridae Coronaviridae Flaviviridae Togaviridae ssRNA (+) ssRNA (+) ssRNA (+) ssRNA (+) ssRNA (+) ssRNA (+) ssRNA (+) 7 to 9 7 to 8 7 6 to 7 28 to 31 10 to 12 11 to 12 Icosahedral Icosahedral Icosahedral Isometric Helical Spherical Icosahedral No No No No Yes Yes Yes ssRNA (-) ssRNA (-) ssRNA (-) ssRNA (-), segmented ssRNA (-, ambi), segmented ssRNA (-, ambi), segmented ssRNA (-) circular 11 to 15 19 10 to 15 10 to 13.6 11 to 19 11 2 Helical Helical Helical Helical Helical Circular, nucleosomal Spherical Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes dsRNA, segmented 19 to 32 Icosahedral No dsDNA (partial), circular ssRNA (+), diploid 3 to 4 7 to 13 Icosahedral Spherical, rod or cone shaped Yes Yes ssDNA circular ssDNA, linear, (- or +/-) 3 to 4 5 Isometric Icosahedral No No Genome dsDNA, linear dsDNA, linear dsDNA, linear dsDNA, circular dsDNA, circular Genome size (kb) Capsid 130 to 375 125 to 240 26 to 45 5 7 to 8 Ovoid Icosahedral Icosahedral Icosahedral Icosahedral Envelope Yes Yes No No No

Fields Vriology (2007) 5th edition, Knipe, DM & Howley, PM, eds, Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia Table 2.1

Major diseases caused by human viruses

"Group" dsDNA Family Poxviridae Herpesviridae Adenoviridae Polyomaviridae Papillomaviridae ssDNA Anellovirus Parvoviradae Retro Hepadnaviridae Retroviridae dsRNA Reoviridae ssRNA (-) Rhabdoviridae Filoviridae Paramyxoviridae Orthomyxoviridae Bunyaviridae Arenaviridae Deltavirus ssRNA (+) Picornaviridae Calciviridae Hepevirus Astroviridae Coronaviridae Flaviviridae Togaviridae Poliovirus (polio), rhinovirus (URI), Hepatitis A ("infectious" hepatitis) Norwalk (gastroenteritis) Hepatitis E (acute hepatitis) Astrovirus (gastroenteritis) Coronavirus (respiratory infection) Yellow fever virus (yellow fever); Hepatitis C (hepatitis) Eastern Equine encephalitis virus (encephalitis); Rubella virus (rubella) Rabies virus (rabies) Ebola virus (ebola) Parainfluenza virus (respiratory infection); Mumps virus (mumps); Respiratory syncytial virus (respiratory infection); Measles virus (measles) Influenza virus (influenza) Hantaan virus (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) Lassa fever virus (hemorrhagic fever) Hepatitis D (fulminant acute hepatitis) Rotavirus (infantile gastroenteritis) Hepatitis B ("serum" hepatitis) HIV (aids); HTLV (leukemia) Unknown B-19 (fifth disease, fetal death) Human pathogens (disease) Variola (smallpox); Orf (pustular dermatitis); Molluscum contagiosum (pustular dermatitis) Herpes simplex 1,2 (oral, genital herpes); Varicella-zoster (chickenpox); Epstein-Barr (mononucleosis); Cytomegalovirus (neonatal abnormalities); HHV6 (roseola); HHV8 (Kaposi's sarcoma) Adenovirus (respiratory infection, conjunctivitis) Polyomavirus (benign kidney infection, respiratory disease, leukoencephalopathy) Papillomavirus (warts, genital carcinoma)

Virus replication: general

Virus replication: variations on the theme

dsDNA ssDNA (+)ssRNA (-)ssRNA dsRNA RNA retro DNA retro

dsDNA virus replication

(+)mRNA

dsDNA

dsDNA

ssDNA virus replication

(+)mRNA

(+) ssDNA dsDNA

(+)ssRNA virus replication

(+)RNA

(-)RNA

(+)RNA

(-)ssRNA virus replication

(+)mRNA

(-)RNA (+)RNA (-)RNA

dsRNA virus replication

dsRNA

(+)mRNA

dsRNA

(+)ssRNA retrovirus replication

(+)RNA

(+)mRNA

dsDNA ssDNA

(+)RNA

dsDNA retrovirus replication

(+)mRNA

dsDNA (+)RNA ssDNA

dsDNA

Virus growth
1,000 100,000 viruses/cell, 5 24 hours

From Schaechters Mechanisms of Microbial Disease; 4th ed.; Engleberg, DiRita & Dermody; Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2007; Fig. 31-8

Summary: structure, classification & replication

Structure
Nucleic acid in a protein shell, +/- lipid envelope Structure impacts on biological properties

Classification
Many virus families, organized by structure and biology

Replication
Generic scheme Varying strategies depending on nucleic acid