Topic 3: Thermal Physics

3.1 Thermal Concepts 3.2 Thermal Properties of Matter 3.3 Kinetic Model of an Ideal Gas
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3.1 Thermal Concepts

Physicists:
Observe, measure, explain.

Motion of bodies: Predict

Velocity, Force, Acceleration

Holding objects:
Some are hot and some are cold.
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The Particle Model of Matter

Greek Philosophers:
Smallest Part: Atom

Atoms (~10-10 m in diameter)

Very small perfectly elastic balls.

Collision between atoms:

Momentum and Kinetic Energy are conserved.
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Elements and Compounds

There are 117 different types of atom, and a material made of just one type of atom is called an element. Materials made from molecules that contain more than one type of atom are called compounds.
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The Mole
A mole of any material contains 6.022 X 1023 atoms or molecules. This number is known as Avogadros number. Compare Hydrogen and Carbon.

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Three States of Matter

From observations we know that there are three states of matter:

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Example #1
If a mole of carbon has a mass of 12
g, how many atoms of carbon are there in 2 g?

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Example #2
The density of aluminum is
2800 kg m-3 and the mass of a mole of aluminum is 26.98 g.

What is the volume of 1 mole of aluminum?

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Answers: Example 1 & 2

1. 1.004 X 1023 Atoms

2. 9.635 X 10-6 m3

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Exercise 1
The mass of 1 mole of copper is 63.54 g and its density 8920 kg m-3.

A) What is the volume of 1 mole of copper?

B) How many atoms does one mole of copper contain? C) How much volume does one atom of copper occupy?
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Internal Energy
Ponder Mechanics:
Energy and Work
velocity

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1 Is any work being done on the block by the force F? 2 Is energy being transfered to the block? 3 Is the KE of the block increasing? 4 Where is the energy going?
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Work

Object

Molecules move faster

The Internal Energy of the object has increased.

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Example #3
A car of mass 1000 kg is travelling at
30 m s-1. If the brakes are applied, how much heat energy is transferred to the brakes?

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Answer: Example 3
The thermal energy transferred to
the brakes is 450 kJ.

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Temperature

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 Hotness
coldness are

and
the

ways
objects.

we

percieve
between

differences

We use temperature to measure this

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difference.

Temperature:
(T) is a measure of how hot or cold an object is. Determines the direction of heat flow.
Is a scalar quantity, and is measured in degrees Celsius (C) or kelvin (K).
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 The Kelvin scale is based on the properties of a gas. To convert Celsius to Kelvin:
T(K) = T(C) + 273

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Thermometers
Temperature cannot be measured directly, so we have to find

something
changes when

that
the

temperature changes.

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Temperature and the Particle Model

Temperature is the average Kinetic Energy of the particles.

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Heat Transfer
Pulling a block of wood along a rough surface.
We can make a cold body hot by placing it next to a hot body. If the cold body gets hot, then it received energy: Heat or Thermal Energy.
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Thermal Equillibrium

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Some definitions:
Temperature: Is a macroscopic concept that is proportional to the average KE of the molecules of the substance. Heat: (Or thermal energy) is the energy that is exachanged between two bodies as a result of a temperature difference between them. Internal Energy: The sum of the total random KE

and the total intermolecular potencial energy of the

molecules of a substance.
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Exercises

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1.
A hot body is brought into contact with a colder body until their temperatures are the same. Assume that no other bodies are around.

A) Is the heat lost by one body equal to the heat gained by the other?

B) Is the temperature drop of one body equal to the temperature increase of the other?
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2.
A body at a given uniform temperature of 300 K and internal energy 8 X 106 J is split into two equal halves.

A) Has any heat been exchanged?

B) What is the temperature of each half? C) What is the internal energy of each half?
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3.
The volume of 1 mol of hydrogen gas (molar mass 2 g mol-1) at stp (standard temperature and pressure) is 22.4 L. A) Find out how much volume corresponds to each molecule of hydrogen. B) Consider now 1 mol of lead (molar mass 207 g mol-1, density 11.3 X 103 kg m-3). How much volume corresponds to each molecule of lead?

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C) Find the ratio of these volumes (hydrogen and lead). D) Hence determine that the order of magnitude of the ratio:
Separation of hydrogen molecules Separation of lead molecules

is 10.
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Answers: Exercises
1. A) Yes, because of Energy Conservation. B) The changes in temperature are not necessarily equal.

2. A) No. B) 300 K. C) 4 X 106 J

3. A) 3.7 X 10-26 m3. B) 3.0 X 10-29 m3. C) Ratio = 1220
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3.2 Thermal Properties of Matter

Thermal Capacity

Specific Heat Capacity

Solving problems

Differences between the solid, liquid and gaseous phases

Specific Latent Heat
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Thermal Capacity
The actual increase depends in on temperature the body. The thermal capacity (C) of a body is the amount of heat needed to raise its temperature by 1C.

Units: J C-1
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Q C DT
C: Thermal Capacity (J C-1) Q: Heat (Joules) DT: Temperature change (C)
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Example #4
If the thermal capacity of a quantity
of water is 5000 J C-1, how much heat is required to raise its temperature from 20C to 100C?

Answer: 400 kJ
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Exercise 1
The thermal capacity of a 60 kg
human is 210 kJ C-1. How much heat is lost from a body if its temperature drops by 2C?

Answer: 420 kJ
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Specific Heat Capacity (c)

Depends only on the material.

The specific heat capacity of a material is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the material by 1C.
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Q c mDT
c: Specific Heat Capacity (J kg-1 C-1) Q: Heat (Joules) DT: Temperature change (C)

m: Mass (kg)
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Example #5
A metal block of mass 1.5 kg loses
20 kJ of heat. As this happens, its temperature 45C. What drops is from 60C to the specific heat

capacity of the metal?

Answer: 888.9 J kg-1 C-1
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Exercise 2 (HW)
The density of water is 1000 kg m-3. A) What is the mass of 1 litre of water? B) How much energy will it take to raise the temperature of 1 litre of water from 20C to 100C? C) A water heater has a power rating of 1 kW. How many seconds will this heater take to boil 1 litre of water?
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Exercise 3 (900 J kg-1 C-1)

A 500 g piece of aluminum is heated with a 500 W heater for 10 minutes. A) How much energy will be given to the aluminum in this time? B) If the temperature of the aluminum was 20C at the beginning, what will its temperature be after 10 minutes?
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Exercise 4 (440 J kg-1 C-1) (HW)

A car of mass 1500 kg travelling at 20 m s-1 brakes suddenly and comes to a stop. A) How much KE does the car lose? B) If 75% of the energy is given to the front brakes, how much energy will they receive? C) The brakes are made out of steel and have a total mass of 10 kg. By how much will their temperature rise?
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Change of State

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Particle Model

Drawings 1. Molecules gain PE when the state changes. 2. A ball-in-a-box model of change of state.
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Boiling & Evaporation

Boiling takes place Evaporation takes

throughout
at the

the
same

place only at the

surface liquid happen of and at the can all

liquid and always temperature.

temperatures.

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Specific Latent Heat

The specific
is

latent

heat
of

of

material

the

amount

heat

required to change the state of 1 kg of the material without change of temperature.

Units: J kg-1
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Latent means hidden.

L: Specific Latent Heat (J kg-1) Q: Heat (J)

m: Mass (kg)

Q L m
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Example #6
The specific latent heat of fusion of
water is 3.35 X 105 J kg-1. How much energy is required to change 500 g of ice into water?

Answer: Q = 1.675 X 105 J

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Exercise 5

Answer: 3.35 X 1011 J

If the mass of water in a cloud is

1million kg, how much energy will be released if the cloud turns from water to ice?
Latent heat of vaporization 2.27 X 106 J kg-1 Latent heat of fusion 3.35 X 105 J kg-1
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Exercise 6

Answer: 1.135 X 103 s

A water boiler has a power rating of

800 W. How long will it take to

turn 400 g of boiling water into

steam?
Latent heat of vaporization 2.27 X 106 J kg-1 Latent heat of fusion 3.35 X 105 J kg-1
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Homework
The ice covering a 1000 m2 lake is 2 cm thick. A) If the density of the ice is 920 kg m-3, what is the mass of the lake? B) How much energy is required to melt the ice? C) If the Sun melts the ice in 5 hours, what is the power delivered to the lake? D) How much power does the Sun deliver per m2 ?
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Answers to Homework
A) 1.84 X 104 kg
B) 6.16 X 109 J C) 3.42 X 105 W

D) 342 W m-2
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Kinetic Model of an Ideal Gas

Pressure
Assumptions of the Kinetic Model Temperature

Macroscopic behaviour of an ideal gas in terms of a molecular model.

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The Ideal Gas

Gaseous State has the simplest model. Forces between molecules: very small.

Molecules move freely.

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Assumptions
The molecules are:
Perfectly elastic. Spheres.

Identical.
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Assumptions
No forces between the molecules.

Constant velocity.

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Temperature of a Gas
Temperature of a gas is directly related to the average KE of the molecules. If temperature increases:

The speed of the particles will increase.

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Pressure of a Gas
Let us apply what we know about particles to one molecule of gas. Consider a single gas molecule in a box (perfectly elastic sphere bouncing off the sides).

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Pressure of a Gas
Change in:
Direction and Velocity. Newtons First Law of Motion:
Particle at rest or moving with constant velocity. The particle is experiencing a Force.
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Pressure of a Gas
Newtons Second Law:
The force is equal to the rate change of momentum.

The force will be greater if:

the particle travels with greater speed, or hits the sides more often.
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Pressure of a Gas
Newtons Third Law:
FAB = -FBA

The wall exerts a force on the particle,

So the particle must exert a force on the wall.
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Pressure of a Gas
If we add more molecules,
Then the particles exert a continuous force, F, on the walls of the container.

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Pressure of a Gas

Force = Pressure Area

The particles exert a pressure on the container.

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Properties of a Gas
Interactive Simulation
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/gasproperties

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