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Dairy Industry fought against use of margarine - Taxes - Regulations against sale; against use of dyes Wisconsin prohibited sale of colored margarine Repealed 1967; + heavy tax on uncolored (white) margarine (people would buy and mix their own coloring agent)
Quiz
Quiz 1. Name two of the four major vegetable oil crops. 2. Name a medicinal plant, and tell what medicine is obtained from it and a disease it is used to treat 3. What does soap have to do with vegetable oil?
History - Highlights
2500 BC Sumerian use of opium poppy Fig. 11.2, p. 263
History - Highlights
2500 BC Sumerian use of opium poppy Fig. 11.2, p. 263 1770 BC Code of Hammurabi in Babylon mentions plants
History - Highlights
2500 BC Sumerian use of opium poppy Fig. 11.2, p. 263 1770 BC Code of Hammurabi in Babylon mentions plants
History - Highlights
2500 BC Sumerian use of opium poppy Fig. 11.2, p. 263 1770 BC Code of Hammurabi in Babylon mentions plants
History - Highlights
2500 BC Sumerian use of opium poppy Fig. 11.2, p. 263 1770 BC Code of Hammurabi in Babylon mentions plants
History - Highlights
2500 BC Sumerian use of opium poppy Fig. 11.2, p. 263 1770 BC Code of Hammurabi in Babylon mentions plants
History Highlights II
1500 AD Age of herbalism, Paracelsus Doctrine of Signatures
History Highlights II
1500 AD Age of herbalism, Paracelsus Doctrine of Signatures 1775 AD Dr. William Withering Foxglove extracts
History Highlights II
1500 AD Age of herbalism, Paracelsus Doctrine of Signatures 1775 AD Dr. William Withering Foxglove extracts
1900 AD Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived directly from plants
History Highlights II
1500 AD Age of herbalism, Paracelsus Doctrine of Signatures 1775 AD Dr. William Withering Foxglove extracts
1900 AD Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived directly from plants
1900s advent of scientific medicine
History Highlights II
1500 AD Age of herbalism, Paracelsus Doctrine of Signatures 1775 AD Dr. William Withering Foxglove extracts
1900 AD Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived directly from plants
1900s advent of scientific medicine
Plant-Derived Medicines
Major Classes of Compounds:
1. Steroids
Plant-Derived Medicines
Major Classes of Compounds:
1. Steroids
2. Alkaloids
Plant-Derived Medicines
Major Classes of Compounds:
1. Steroids
2. Alkaloids Useful terms:
Secondary Compound
Glycoside
Steroids - Chemistry
Fig. 11.5, p. 271
Steroids - Chemistry
Fig. 11.5, p. 271
Steroids - Chemistry
Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure
Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure 2. Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems Fig. 11.7, p. 272
Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure 2. Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems Diverse class of compounds Fig. 11.7, p. 272
Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure 2. Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems Diverse class of compounds Fig. 11.7, p. 272
Malaria - Cinchona
Cinchona - bark of Peru; yellow bark About 40 species - Andean area of South America
Native
Grown
Salix - Aspirin
Hippocrates (Greece) used willow bark to treat pain
Salix - Aspirin
Hippocrates (Greece) used willow bark to treat pain 1897 Bayer Co. (Germany) Chemist synthesizes, names aspirin
Salix - Aspirin
Hippocrates (Greece) used willow bark to treat pain 1897 Bayer Co. (Germany) Chemist synthesizes, names aspirin
Dioscorea steroids
Wild Yam convenient source for steroidal saponins which can be converted into synthetic hormones for use in contraceptives Fig. 11.13, p. 277
Papaver Alkaloids
New Drug Development average to develop a new drug in U.S. - $231 million/12 years -> many not developed, if patent protection not available, or if market not assured
Comparison:
Germany - "reasonable certainty" of safety and effectiveness U.S. - "absolute proof" -> some modern herbal preparations coming from Europe, sold as dietary supplements in U.S. Examples: St. John's Wort, Echinacea, Gingko
Development of new drug in U.S. - 12 years/$231 million (average) Many drugs/diseases - not pursued because of lack of profitability
Development of Phy 906 Phytoceutica Herbal medicine Based on Chinese Traditional Medicine Mixture of herbs: scutellaria (skullcap), glycyrrhiza (licorice), ziziphus (jujube), Paeonia (peony) Application: treat nausea and pain associated with cancer chemotherapy regimes Initial results: not only effective against side effects, but also appears to increase efficacy of chemotherapy for certain cancers
Problems in Development of Rain Forest Drugs International Agreements (1) Discovery - by pharmaceutical companies - preceded by traditional healers Who discovered/Who should benefit financially?
-> Gene rich country, has genetic diversity but lacks science
-> development of chemical by gene poor country -> now sell back to gene rich/economically poor country