Theories of Personality: Dr. Mary Streit Suffolk Community College

Chapter 3 Theories of Personality
Dr. Mary Streit Suffolk Community College
Chapter 3
- Personality is defined as: the enduring or lasting
patterns of behavior and thought (across time and situation). In this chapter we will discuss the following personality theories: 1. Trait theory (Cattell, Allport) 2. Sigmund Freud: Psychodynamic theory The Neo-Freudians: 3. Carl Jung: Analytical psychology 4. Alfred Adler: Individual psychology 5. Karen Horney: Feminine psychology
Chapter 3 - Personality
6. Behavioral theory: B.F. Skinner and operant conditioning 7. The Humanistic theory: a. Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of needs b. Carl Rogers: Person-centered therapy 8. Cognitive: Albert Banduras Social learning theory 9. Biological theories of personality
Chapter 3
Trait theory uses two different methods of research: Idiographic approach: defines traits by studying individuals in depth and focuses on the distinctive qualities of their personalities (Gordon Allport) Nomothetic approach: studies groups of people in the attempt to identify personality traits that tend to appear in clusters. This approach uses the statistical technique called factor analysis (Raymond Cattell)
Chapter 3
1. Trait theory. Gordon Allport. Considered patterns of traits to be the unique attributes of individuals. Allport conducted thorough and detailed studies of individuals in depth, often through long-term case studies. His idiographic research led him to conclude that all people have certain traits, or dispositions, that are the building blocks of personality (1937, 1961, 1965, 1966). Can you think of some of the traits that are unique attributes of who you are? Lets make a list.
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Examples of Individual traits - Honesty - Kindness - Compassion - Courage - Loyalty - Responsible - Social - Talkative - Sensitive
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Allport described three different types of traits: 1. Cardinal traits: Traits that are so much a part of who the person is, you can define the person by the trait (e.g. Honest Abe Lincoln) 2. Central traits: Major characteristics of our personality such as: sensitivity, honesty, and generosity. These traits are quite generalized and enduring, and it is these traits that form the building blocks of our personality. Allport found that most people could be characterized by a fairly small number of central traits (usually five to ten). 3. Secondary traits: less generalized and far less enduring traits that affect our behaviors in specific circumstances. Examples include our dress style preferences.
Apply your learning. Allport would consider the list of traits we made together as a class to be: a. Cardinal traits b. Secondary traits c. Surface traits d. Central traits
Raymond Cattell also began his work by identifying certain obvious personality traits, such as integrity, friendliness, and tidiness (1950, 1965, 1973, 1982). He called these dimensions of personality surface traits. Cattell then obtained extensive data about surface traits from a large number of people (nomothetic approach). Statistical analysis of these data revealed that certain surface traits seemed to occur in clusters or groups. Cattell theorized that these clusters indicated a single underlying trait. Cattell derived a list of 16 primary or source traits that he considered to be at the center or core of personality. He listed each of these traits as a pair of polar opposites (16PF).
Trait theory. Hans Eysenck (1906-1997). Disagreed with Allport and Cattell. He believed that there are only two major dimensions to personality: 1. Intraversion-Extraversion 2. Neuroticism-Stability
The five-factor theory of personality by McCrae and Costa (1997) is the most recent addition to trait theory. They believe in five core dimensions: Openness to Experiencecreative & willing to try new things Conscientiousness reliable, responsible, thorough, dependable, hard-working Extraversion outgoing, social, active, talkative Agreeableness easy to get along with, pleasant, sympathetic, warm, cooperative Neuroticism emotional stability Acronym: OCEAN
Click on the link below to see how you score on their test! http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/5/j5j/IPIP/ipipneo120.htm
Problems with trait theory:
- Circular reasoning: Which comes
first the behavior, or the trait? - Lack of situational consistency (Mischel) - No explanation for what causes these many different traits to occur - Lack of agreement on the number and type of traits
Chapter 3 Personality: Matching Review

a.
b. c.
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f. g. h. i.
j. k.
Believed in the existence of cardinal traits: honest 1. Abe 2. Proposed the most recent five factor model of trait 3. theory 4. Advocated the nomothetic approach by analyzing 5. large groups of people and using factor analysis 6. Distinguished between surface and source traits Believed in only two underlying dimensions to human 7. personality: introversion extroversion; and 8. neuroticism-stability 9. Believed there are 16 personality factors Advocated the idiographic approach by studying individuals in depth using case studies Allports name for a trait that changes in different situations e.g. style of clothing Allports name for the traits that most of us have that make us unique. He believed most people have about 5 of these types of traits. Cattells name for the traits that most of us have that make up the larger personality factors. Believed in Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism as the most important traits
Gordon Allport Raymond Cattell Hans Eynseck McCrae & Costa Secondary traits Surface traits Source traits Central traits Cardinal traits
Sigmund Freud MD (neurologist) Psychodynamic Theory Vienna, Austria (1856-1939). Techniques used: hypnosis, catharsis, dreamanalysis, free-association, parapraxes Freudian slips or parapraxes everything we do and say, even by accident, has hidden meaning Believed in the importance of the unconscious mind
unconscious forces are animalistic sexual/aggressive drives that motivate most of human behavior These unconscious drives operate without conscious awareness. This is because our unconscious desires are too difficult or too painful to face directly Freud referred to these unconscious motives collectively as the id Freud believed there is a reason behind everything we do
The three major forces of the psyche are the: 1. Id = unconscious = pleasure principle - Primary process thinking: wish fulfillment - Thanatos aggressive /Eros - sexual - I want it now! Instant gratification - Are we an id driven society? - Part of the iceberg that is submerged underwater
2. Ego = conscious = reality principle - What are the real-world consequences of my actions? - secondary process thinking: reality testing - part of the iceberg that is above water and aware of reality
3. Superego = preconscious = morality principle What is the proper way to behave? Mom/Dad/Society Ego-ideal: shoulds Conscience: should nots Part of the iceberg that is just under the water but can sometimes surface
How would the id, ego, and superego respond to the following dilemma? Should you go out with your friends to a great party, or should you stay home and study for your psychology exam tomorrow?
Freuds psychodynamic theory can be summed up quite nicely with the visual image of a driver and a horsedrawn carriage with two horses.
- Imagine the horse on the right is called Id and keeps
pulling to the right to go down Pleasure Road - The horse on the left is called Superego and keeps pulling to the left to go down Morality Way. - The drivers name is ego and his job is to keep both horses traveling straight ahead on the road called Reality. **Extra credit for the artist: draw me a picture**
Chapter 3 Personality Which horse is the Id? Superego?
Freuds Psychosexual Stages. According to Freud, as we age, different parts of the body are used to fuel the id with pleasure (libido = energy source).
Birth 1 years: Oral stage gratification is gained by oral stimulation (Breastfeeding). 2. 1 - 3 years old: Anal stage pleasure is gained by being able to control feces. (Potty-training)
1.
3. 3 6 years old: Phallic stage: awakening of sexuality a. Oedipus complex for boys: when a male child wants to kill his father so he can have sex with his mother. (from the Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocoles) - Freud believed boys would eventually overcome this conflict by identifying and bonding with the father. b. Electra complex for girls: girls are jealous of their father because they dont have a penis, and they really want one (from Greek myth of Electra who plotted with her brother Orestes to kill their mother Clytemnestra). - Freud believed that the only possible way for a girl to overcome this conflict would be to become pregnant with a male child
4. 6-12 years old: Latency stage pleasure is gained through same-sex peer friendships 5. 12+ years old: Genital stage: pleasure is gained through sexual intercourse with non-relatives
Fixation. Freud believed that you can get stuck or fixated at a stage if you were either under or over stimulated during this stage. According to Freud, personality traits are attached to these types of individuals. A few examples: Oral fixation: nail biters, gum chewers, smokers, etc. Overly optimistic, dependent, and passive. Anal retentive: Excessive need for order, control and neatness. (modern day OCD) Anal expulsive: emotionally volatile, unstable, spiteful and vindictive
Chapter 3 Personality
Defense Mechanisms: 1. Protect the ego from anxiety due to the unconscious starting to break through to the conscious 2. Deny or distort reality 3. Operate unconsciously 4. Cause people who are using them to be absolutely convinced of the correctness of their viewpoint. 5. can be healthy IF used in moderation. 6. Were originally developed by Anna Freud (she never married).
Defense Mechanisms.
Denial: blocking external events from awareness. If a situation is too much to handle, the person refuses to experience it. Examples: the failure to recognize the death of a loved one, or students who fail to find out their test grades! [ you know who you are] Repression: not being able to recall a threatening situation, person, or event. Example: someone almost drowns as a child, but can't remember the event even when people try to remind him -- but he does have a fear of open water! [many fears and phobias] Displacement: the redirection of an impulse onto a safer substitute target. For example, someone who hates his or her mother may repress that hatred and direct it instead towards women in general. Projection: the tendency to see your own unacceptable desires in other people. Examples: A faithful husband finds himself terribly attracted to the lady next door. Rather than acknowledge his own feelings, he becomes increasingly jealous of his wife, constantly worried about her faithfulness.
Reaction formation: what Anna Freud called "believing the opposite. Changing an unacceptable impulse into its opposite. Example: I hate Mom becomes I really love Mom a lot!!!. The individual will often go above and beyond in their expression of love in order to alleviate feelings of guilt and anxiety. Regression: a movement back in psychological time when one is faced with stress. When we are troubled or frightened, our behaviors often become more childish or primitive. A child may begin to suck their thumb again or wet the bed. Rationalization: the cognitive distortion of "the facts" to make an impulse more acceptable. We do it often enough on a fairly conscious level when we provide ourselves with excuses. Many of us are quite prepared to believe our lies. Sublimation: the transforming of an unacceptable impulse, whether it be sex, anger, or fear, into a socially acceptable and productive form. So someone with a great deal of hostility may become a hunter, a butcher, a football player, or a mercenary. For Freud, all positive creative activities were sublimations mostly of the sex drive.
Limitations of Freuds theory: - Untestable: How can you objectively measure the unconscious? Does not follow the scientific method. - Almost all of his case studies were upper-class Austrian women: sample bias? - Viewed women as inferior - Did not allow for prediction of future behaviors - Placed too much emphasis on early childhood experiences in shaping personality
Chapter 3 Personality When a student asked him what the significance of his cigar was, Freud replied sometimes a cigar is just a cigar.
Neo-Freudians: students of Freud who eventually started their own school of thought due to major disagreements with some of Freuds ideas. Carl Jung: 1875-1961. (pronounced Young). - Analytical psychology - Born in Switzerland, trained as a psychiatrist - Believed Freud placed too much emphasis on sexuality as a motive for behavior
Famous quote: Anyone who wants to know the human psyche will learn next to nothing from experimental psychology. He would be better advised to abandon exact science, put away his scholar's gown, bid farewell to his study, and wander with human heart throughout the world. There in the horrors of prisons, lunatic asylums and hospitals, in drab suburban pubs, in brothels and gambling-hells, in the salons of the elegant, the Stock Exchanges, socialist meetings, churches, revivalist gatherings and ecstatic sects, through love and hate, through the experience of passion in every form in his own body, he would reap richer stores of knowledge than text-books a foot thick could give him, and he will know how to doctor the sick with a real knowledge of the human soul. -- Carl Jung
Jungs Analytical Psychology broke the unconscious down further into 2 parts: a. Personal unconscious (similar to Freuds id) b. Collective unconscious ** (new concept) collective unconscious: a kind of universal memory bank that contains all the ancestral memories, images, symbols, and ideas that humankind has accumulated throughout time Jung used the term collective to stress that the content of this part of the unconscious mind is the same for all humans it is genetic. He placed particular emphasis on one key component of the collective unconscious called archetypes, which consist of powerful, emotionally charged, universal images or concepts that are inherited or passed down from generation to generation
The four main Jungian archetypes are: the self the shadow or the dark side of the human psyche the anima (the female counterpart to the male psyche) and the animus (the male counterpart to the female psyche).
Other popular Jungian archetypes and examples from our culture are: The hero as seen in figures like Batman, Luke Skywalker, Neo, Beowulf, Jesus; The Warrior as seen in historical figures such as Gladiators, samurai, Ninja, Vikings, and Knights; The Trickster as seen in figures such as: Bugs Bunny, The Tramp (Charlie Chaplin), the devil, and Bart Simpson; The Wise Old Man as seen in popular figures such as Merlin, Yoda, Gandalf, Chef from South Park, The Owl from Winnie the Pooh, and Dumbledore from Harry Potter; The Anima as seen in the PlayStation2 video game Final Fantasy X, Rushs song Animate from the album Counterparts, and Joni Mitchells song Dont Interrupt the Sorrow. Can you think of a few others examples for each?
For example: According to Jung, we create war and conflict in order to fulfill the needs of the collective unconscious. We need the hero! We need the villain! According to Jung, these are all archetypes that have been inherited from our ancestors **Question: Does history repeats itself because of the collective unconscious and the archetypes?
Alfred Adler: Individual psychology.
1870-1937 (Vienna, Austria): MD (opthamologist). Behind everyone who behaves as if he were superior to others, we can suspect a feeling of inferiority which calls for very special efforts of concealment. It is as if a man feared that he was too small and walked on his toes to make himself seem taller. - Alfred Adler Adler coined the term inferiority complex
Adler came to believe in the importance of feelings of inferiority in motivating human behavior To be a human being," he wrote, "means to feel oneself inferior." Adler believed that inferiority feelings are the source of all human striving. All individual progress, growth and development result from the attempt to compensate for one's inferiorities. Style of life = an individuals unique pattern of striving for superiority to overcome feelings of inferiority Inferiority complex - When an inability to overcome inferiority feelings heightens and intensifies them.
How many of you have ever felt unattractive? like you don't belong somewhere? Not strong or fit enough? Not smart enough? Not good enough in some way? Does the media today fuel these feelings?
According to Adler, everyone is trying to overcome something that is preventing them from becoming what they want to become. What are you trying to overcome?
Biographical information: Adler was the 2nd of 6 children. He couldn't walk until he was 4 years old due to rickets. He also suffered from pneumonia and was hit by a car at age 5. His older brother Sigmund often teased and tormented him. Adler recalls feeling small, unattractive, and rejected, like he was in constant competition with his older brother. http://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/Adler.html Many believe that Adlers childhood experiences had a major influence on his theory (remember the method of the time was called.???)
Adler believed that birth order was one of the major childhood social influences from which the individual creates a style of life. What do you think? Does being the oldest make things harder? easier? How about the youngest? Middle child?
Adler disagreed with Freud about: - the emphasis on sexuality - the importance of the unconscious - a stream of consciousness Adler believed that all three parts of the psyche are constantly interacting & do NOT act alone. - While Adler believed our childhood experiences were important, he also believed in what he called teleology or being motivated towards future goals. - Alder felt Freud placed too much emphasis on the past. Some consider Adler the forefather of humanism.
Karen Horney. 1885 1952. nee Hamburg, Germany Studied to be an MD. In 1909 she entered the University of Freiburg [very unusual for a woman] Feminine psychology. Argued strongly against Freuds notion of both the Oedipus and Electra complex Disagreed with Freuds psychosexual stages Did not accept Freuds division of the psyche into the id, ego, and superego Countered Freuds idea of penis envy with what she called womb envy Agreed with Freud on the importance of the unconscious and early childhood Believed that personality could continue to develop and change throughout life
Horney believed neurosis to be a continuous process - with neuroses commonly occurring at many different points in a person's life. Key Terms. basic anxiety: the insecurity that results when children perceive their parents as indifferent, harsh, disapproving, or inconsistent in their responsiveness basic hostility: a deep resentment toward the parents that arises from basic anxiety and motivates one of three different coping strategies or patterns of interacting with others that she believed to be ineffective: 1. Moving against others: dominating others 2. Moving away from others: withdrawal from others, self-focus, aloof, isolation 3. Moving toward others: being overly compliant, driven by the need to please and gain approval from others Horney believed that for both men and women to be healthy, they need to let go of the irrational neurotic need to be prefect !!
Chapter 3 Personality: Freud and the Neo-Freudians Matching Review

Believed in the importance of unconscious sexual and aggressive urges 2. Came up with the concept of womb envy 3. Originated the defense mechanisms 4. The part of the psyche that is in touch with reality 5. The part of the psyche that is unconscious 6. The part of the psyche that is concerned about being perfect/doing right 7. Neo-Freudian who came up with the concept of the inferiority complex 8. Neo-Freudian who further subdivided the id into the personal and collective unconscious 9. Getting stuck in a phase of development due to either over or under stimulation during childhood 10. The psychosexual stage described as gaining gratification through being able to control ones bowels or feces 11. The psychosexual stage that occurs from 3-6 years of age.
1. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n.
Sigmund Freud Anna Freud Alfred Adler Karen Horney Carl Jung The id The ego The superego Fixation Oral stage Anal stage Phallic stage Latency stage Genital stage
Chapter 3 - Review
The conflict young boys go through between 3-6 yrs of age 2. The conflict young girls go through between 3-6 yrs of age 3. The psychosexual stage that occurs between 6-12 years of age. 4. The psychosexual stage that occurs between birth and 1 yrs of age 5. Began analytical psychology 6. Began feminine psychology 7. Began individual psychology 8. Used concepts such as basic hostility and basic anxiety 9. powerful, emotionally charged, universal images or concepts 10. Believed in the importance of birth order
1. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.
the oral stage The anal stage The phallic stage The latency stage The genital stage The Oedipus conflict The Electra conflict Alfred Adler Karen Horney Carl Jung archetypes
Chapter 3 Personality Matching Review: Defense Mechanisms

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The redirection of an impulse onto a safer substitute target Identifying unacceptable feelings in others that are truly your own (jealous of wife when true problem is you are considering cheating) Being unwilling to accept reality because it is too difficult or painful Not being able to recall a threatening person, situation, or event A cognitive distortion of the facts or excuse making. the transforming of an unacceptable impulse, whether it be sex, anger, or fear, into a socially acceptable and productive form such as writing or art. Changing an unacceptable impulse into its opposite a movement back in psychological time when one is faced with stress (e.g. thumb sucking when you are 7yrs old).
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
Denial Repression Displacement Projection Sublimation Reaction formation Rationalization regression
6. Behavioral theory. - Burrhus Frederic Skinner [1904-1990] - Operant conditioning - Focused on the overt or observable behavior - the consequences that follow a behavior were seen as critical determinants of future behavior A behavior followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future [reinforcement]. A behavior no longer followed by the reinforcing stimulus results in a decreased probability of that behavior occurring in the future [extinction]. Skinner did much of his research with animals such as pigeons and rats
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8956355585286146382&q=operant+conditioning&hl=en Skinner video clip
Disagreed with the concept of free-will Why are you taking this class? Was it your freewill? Invented the Skinner box used primarily to train rats Believed in the importance of the use of reinforcement Discovered the different schedules of reinforcement and shaping [baby steps]
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7588495689384314794&q=clicker+training&hl=en
Precious the cat video
Applications of Skinners theory to the real world are many [applied research] Operant conditioning is so effective that many psychologists were concerned about who should be given this information For example: It has been used to train pigeons to play ping-pong & cats to flush the toilet! Thoughts? Just remember the expression mall rat starts here!
7. Humanistic psychology. focused on uniquely human issues such as: the self, health, hope, love, creativity, nature, and individuality. Believed in innate goodness born good Derived somewhat from existentialism: a strong belief in free-will and conscious rational decision-making Arose in reaction to behaviorism and psychodynamic theory
Two major figures in humanistic psychology were: 1. Abraham Maslow and 2. Carl Rogers We will first look at the core beliefs of Maslow.
Maslow developed his famous Hierarchy of Needs
Differentiated between Deficiency needs and Growth needs: Deficiency needs are the bottom four levels in the hierarchy: these needs must be met or filled before other growth needs can take over Maslow believed deficiency needs must be met in order of the hierarchy e.g. physiological 1st, safety 2nd, etc.
Growth needs or being needs the highest motive in the hierarchy for human behavior. This motive takes over only when all other deficiency needs are met Some growth needs that Maslow discussed are: - Truth, rather than dishonesty - Aliveness, not deadness or the mechanization of life - Uniqueness, not bland uniformity - Perfection and necessity, not sloppiness, inconsistency, or accident. - Justice and order, not injustice and lawlessness. - Simplicity, not unnecessary complexity. - Self-sufficiency, not dependency.
Abraham Maslow. (1908-1970). Born in Brooklyn, New York. One of seven children of Russian immigrants. Graduated University of Wisconsin with PhD (worked with Harry Harlow) Returned to NY to work with Edward Thorndike at Columbia University
"A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be. This is the need we may call self-actualization ... It refers to man's desire for fulfillment, namely to the tendency for him to become actually in what he is potentially: to become everything that one is capable of becoming ..." - Abraham Maslow
Chapter 3 - Personality Maslows Characteristics of Self-Actualizers: Reality focused and problem-centered The journey is often more important than the ends. They enjoy solitude, and are comfortable being alone. Enjoy deeper personal relations with a few close friends and family members Value autonomy, a relative independence from physical and social needs. They have an unhostile sense of humor -- preferring to joke at their own expense, or at the human condition, and never directing their humor at others. spontaneity and simplicity: They prefer being themselves rather than being pretentious or artificial.
They have a sense of humility and respect towards others They have a certain freshness of appreciation, an ability to see things, even ordinary things, with wonder. They are creative, inventive, and original. tend to have more peak experiences than the average person. [A peak experience is one that takes you out of yourself, that makes you feel very tiny, or very large, to some extent one with life or nature or God. It gives you a feeling of being a part of the infinite and the eternal. These experiences tend to leave their mark on a person, change them for the better, and many people actively seek them out. They are also called mystical experiences, and are an important part of many religious and philosophical traditions]. Their values are "natural" and seem to flow effortlessly from their personalities
Maslow identified the following historical figures as self-actualizers: - Abraham Lincoln
- Thomas Jefferson - Benjamin Franklin - George Washington - Albert Einstein - Aldous Huxley - William James - Spinoza - Goethe - Pierre Renoir - Robert Browning - Walt Whitman - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - Eleanor Roosevelt
Who would you consider to be someone who is self-actualized in todays world? - Oprah? - Bono from U2? - George Bush? - Dali-lama? - ???
Carl Rogers. 1902-1987 Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, the fourth of six children. His father was a successful civil engineer and his mother was a housewife and devout Christian. In 1942, he wrote his first book, Counseling and Psychotherapy. 1945, he was invited to set up a counseling center at the University of Chicago. It was while working there that in 1951 he published his major work, Client-Centered Therapy, wherein he outlined his basic theory.
View of people as basically good The actualizing tendency is the basic force of life we are always trying to better ourselves in some way True self: who you are today Ideal self: who you want to become Self-actualization is the process of becoming your ideal self
Unconditional positive regard: a feeling of total love and acceptance like that of a child for a parent, or a pet to its owner. No matter what you say or do, you will be loved and accepted. Rogers believed if a child received unconditional positive regard, he/she would be able to selfactualize and become his/her ideal self If self-actualization is blocked, mental illness would ensue
Conditions of worth: ifthen contingencies. I will love and accept you if;Rogers believed this is another pathway to mental illness The individual who is raised with conditions of worth will not actualize into their ideal self. The individual who is raised with conditions of worth will actualize into another persons vision of their ideal self. How much of what you say and do is based on conditions of worth? What must parents do to avoid using conditions of worth when raising their children? Society at large?
8. Social-Cognitive Theory.
Albert Bandura (1925-present) Albert Bandura was born December 4, 1925, in the small town of Mundare in northern Alberta, Canada. In 1953, he started teaching at Stanford University. While there, he collaborated with his first graduate student, Richard Walters, resulting in their first book, Adolescent Aggression, in 1959. Emphasis on the cognitive or thoughts [covert]
Modeling; Vicarious learning; Observational learning: learning by watching others. Thoughts matter!! Interested in studying the effect of television violence on aggression in children. Bandura is most famous for his Bo-Bo doll studies. [see video link]
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2953790276071699877&q=bobo+doll&hl=en
Film: woman punching the clown, shouting sockeroo! She kicked it, sat on it, hit it with a little hammer, and so on, shouting various aggressive phrases. Bandura showed his film to groups of kindergartners who, as you might predict, liked it a lot.
what did the observers record afterward: A lot of little kids beating the daylights out of the bobo doll. They punched it and shouted sockeroo, kicked it, sat on it, hit it with the little hammers, and so on. In other words, they imitated the young lady in the film, and quite precisely at that.
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Bandura/bobo.htm [link to full text study]
Bandura added cognition or thought to the equation
The main person factor that Bandura discussed was: self-efficacy: the belief in your ability to perform a certain task or function.
Chapter 3 -Personality
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Biological theories of personality. Identical twin studies Adoption studies Heritability estimates Family tree or pedigree studies DNA Human genome project Evolutionary forces Can we ever know if nature or nurture is the primary force?
Chapter 3 Personality: Review

1. The belief in our ability to perform a
specific task 2. Believed in the importance of the consequences of our actions 3. The interaction between environment, person, and behavior 4. Learning by watching others 5. Pedigree studies of personality traits 6. The process of becoming your ideal self 7. Feeling loved and accepted no matter what 8. Ifthen contingencies for love and acceptance 9. Needs that must be satisfied in order when the organism is lacking in these such as safety, security, love, esteem 10. Needs that are fulfilled in order to achieve self-actualization
Albert Bandura B. F. Skinner Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Biological theory Reinforcement Extinction Reciprocal determinism i. Self-efficacy j. Deficiency needs k. Growth needs l. Observational learning m. Self-actualization n. Unconditional positive regard o. Conditions of worth
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
Chapter 3 Personality Review

Proposed the Hierarchy of Needs Believed in innate goodness Responsible for the famous BoBo doll studies Interested in the effects of media violence on behavior in children 5. Emphasized the importance of reinforcement on future behaviors 6. A behavior followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future 7. The person that you are today with all your flaws 8. The person who you would some day like to aspire to become 9. Emphasis on identical twin and adoption studies 10. First to emphasize the importance of covert cognitive factors on behavior
1. 2. 3. 4. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i.
Albert Bandura B. F. Skinner Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Extinction Reinforcement True self Ideal self Biological theory
Measures of Personality. - reliability: consistency or stability of a measure over time. - Validity: accuracy or truth of a measure. Is it measuring what it is supposed to? - You must have high levels of reliability in order to have validity.
Chapter 3
Dart Throwing Analogy.
- The goal is to hit the bulls eye. The person who
throws the dart and hits the bullseye is a valid dart thrower. - What would be a reliable dart thrower? - Someone who can throw the dart in the same place each time. - Can you be a reliable dart thrower, but not a valid one?
Types of Personality Measures. Two categories: 1. Objective paper and pencil self-report tests. These measures are clear to all what a specific response means. Examples: a. MMPI-2: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Over 500 item test that is used to detect mental illness. b. CPI: California Personality Inventory. Self-report measure that is used to detect normal and successful patterns of behavior.
2. Projective tests intentionally vague or
ambiguous stimuli are used to encourage projection of unconscious materials. [Freud] a. Rorschach inkblots (Hermann Rorschach, 1927) b. TAT [Thematic Apperception Test] (Henry Murray, 1943)
Rorschach inkblots
What do you see?
More blots
What do you see?
More blots
Thematic Apperception Test
Thematic Apperception Test
Chapter 3 Personality: Optional

OPTIONAL: Self-Actualization poem: by Dunbar 2005. Theres no need to strive for perfection Cause youre perfect the way you are Theres no need to look for outside affection Cause if you look inside yourself it will not be far Theres no need to change To meet the expectations everyone puts on you And though that may seem strange Its because youve been programmed to Believe in a certain way about how you live your life And act in a way others think you should But all that does is cause stress and strife And affects you in ways you never thought it could Like causing you to think your self-esteem is low Or that youre insecure Then it causes you to doubt what about yourself you know And shuts down your efforts to ever go for more So if you think you would like to improve Do it for you and no one else Because you have nothing to lose By improving yourself So when that all becomes clear inside your mind Youll become the person youve kept hidden And a peace within yourself youll find Cause now you know being you isnt forbidden
**OPTIONAL** In case you want to know more about Karen Horney. Horney named ten patterns of neurotic needs. The ten needs are classified according to her coping strategies: Moving Toward People 1. The need for affection and approval; pleasing others and being liked by them. 2. The need for a partner; one who can love and solve all problems. Moving Against People 3. The need to restrict life practices to within narrow borders; to live as inconspicuous a life as possible. 4. The need for power; the ability to bend wills and achieve control over others -the neurotic may be desperate for it. 5. The need to exploit others; to get the better of them. To become manipulative, fostering the belief that people are there simply to be used. 6. The need for social recognition; prestige and limelight. 7. The need for personal admiration; for both inner and outer qualities -- to be valued. 8. The need for personal achievement; though virtually all persons wish to make achievements, the neurotic may be desperate for achievement. Moving Away from People 9. The need for self sufficiency and independence; while most desire some autonomy, the neurotic may simply wish to discard other individuals entirely. 10. Lastly, the need for perfection; while many are driven to perfect their lives in the form of well being, the neurotic may display a fear of being slightly flawed.
***Optional [in case you are interested but not required for the exam]*** Asceticism: the renunciation of needs. Relevant today with the emergence of the disorder called anorexia. Preadolescents, when they feel threatened by their emerging sexual desires, may unconsciously try to protect themselves by denying, not only their sexual desires, but all desires. They get involved in some kind of ascetic (monk-like) lifestyle wherein they renounce their interest in what other people enjoy. Isolation or intellectualization: involves stripping the emotion from a difficult memory or threatening impulse. A person may, in a very cavalier manner, acknowledge that they had been abused as a child, or may show a purely intellectual curiosity in their newly discovered sexual orientation. Something that should be a big deal is treated as if it were not. Altruistic surrender is a form of projection that at first glance looks like its opposite: Here, the person attempts to fulfill his or her own needs vicariously, through other people. A common example of this is the friend (we've all had one) who, while not seeking any relationship himself, is constantly pushing other people into them, and is particularly curious as to "what happened last night" and "how are things going?" The extreme example of altruistic surrender is the person who lives their whole life for and through another. Undoing involves "magical" gestures or rituals that are meant to cancel out unpleasant thoughts or feelings after they've already occurred. Example: if you feel the need to take three or four complete showers after sex -- perhaps there is more to it. Introjection, sometimes called identification, involves taking into your own personality characteristics of someone else, because doing so solves some emotional difficulty. For example, a child who is left alone frequently, may in some way try to become "mom" in order to lessen his or her fears. You can sometimes catch them telling their dolls or animals not to be afraid. And we find the older child or teenager imitating his or her favorite star, musician, or sports hero in an effort to establish an identity.

Theories of Personality: Dr. Mary Streit Suffolk Community College

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