GSM SYSTEM ENGINEERING

PRESENTED BY HEENA CHOUDHARY

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SLIDES NO.
I. II. III. IV. V. Introduction and History of GSM GSM Frequency Bands GSM Services General Architecture of a GSM Network Channel Concepts In GSM 4-7 8 - 12 13 - 21 22 - 33 34 - 44

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Introduction and History of GSM

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Introduction and History of GSM

Groupe Speciale Mobile, also known as Global System for Mobile communication. Developed by European Telecommunication Standard Institute(ETSI). GSM is a set of ETSI standards specifying the infrastructure for a digital cellular service. In 1986, task force was formed to resolve roaming problems in 1G analog systems.

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Introduction and History of GSM

In 1987, a memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed. In 1989, ETSI included GSM in its domain. In 1991, the specification of the standard was completed. In 1992, the first deployment of GSM started.

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Introduction and History of GSM

By the year 1993, thirty two operators in 22 countries adopted the GSM standard. By the year 2001, close to 150 countries had adopted GSM for cellular adaptation. GSM specifications define the functions and interface requirements in details but do not address the hardware.

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GSM Frequency Bands

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GSM Frequency Bands

GSM system is a frequency and time division system. GSM system frequencies include two bands:

At 900 MHZ commonly referred to as GSM 900. At 1800 MHz commonly referred as DCS 1800.

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GSM Frequency Bands

In GSM 900 system,

124 carriers have been defined. Frequencies are assigned in two sub-bands of 25 MHz each. The sub-bands are 890-915 MHz and 935-960 MHz. Channel width is 200 KHz. 890-915 MHz is referred as uplink. 935-960 MHz is referred as downlink.
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GSM Frequency Bands

Uplink is the transmission from Mobile to BTS. Downlink is the transmission from BTS to Mobile. In DCS 1800 system:

Frequencies are assigned in two sub-bands of 75 MHz each. The sub bands are 1710 1785 MHz and 1805 1880 MHz. 1710 1785 MHz is referred as uplink. 1805 1880 MHz is referred as down link.

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GSM Frequency Bands

960 MHz 959.8 MHz 124 123 25 MHz 200 kHz 2 935.2 MHz 1 935 MHz 915 MHz 45 MHz Separation 914.8 MHz 124 123 200 kHz 2 1 Delay
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Downlink
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Data burst, 156.25 bit periods = 15/26 ms 576.9 s

Uplink

890.2 MHz 890 MHz

Figure A04.01 : Carrier frequencies and TDMA frames.

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GSM Services

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GSM Services

GSM Services are divided into three categories:

Teleservices. Bearer services. Supplementary services.

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GSM Services

Teleservices provide the subscriber with necessary capabilities to communicate with other subscriber:

Speech transmission-telephony,emergency call. Short message service. Videotext access. Teletext transmission. Facsimile transmission.

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GSM Services

Bearer Services give subscriber the capacity required to transmit appropriate signals between certain access points (user-network interfaces):

Access to X.25 public data networks. Access to Packet Assembler/Disassembler (PAD) functions. Speech and data swapping during a call. Modem selection.

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GSM Services

Supplementary services modify or supplement basic telecommunications services:

Number Identification services:

Calling Number Identification Presentation (CNIP). Calling Number Identification Restriction (CNIR). Connected Number Identification Presentation (CNOP). Connected Number Identification Restriction (CNOR).

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GSM Services

Calling Offering services:

Call Forwarding Unconditional (CFU). Call Forwarding Mobile Busy (CFB). Call Forwarding No Reply (CFNRy). Call Forwarding Mobile Not Reachable (CFNRc). Mobile Access Hunting (MAH).

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GSM Services

Call Completion Services:

Call Waiting (CW). Call Holding (HOLD). Completion of Call to Busy Subscriber (CCBS).

Multiparty Services:

Conference Calling (CONF).

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GSM Services

Community Of Interest Services:

Closed User Group (CUG).

Charging Services:

Advice of Charge (AoC). Free Phone Service (FPH). Reverse Charging (REVC).

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GSM Services
Call Restriction Services:

Barring All Originated Calls (BAOC). Barring Outgoing International Calls (BOIC). BOIC except Home Country (BOIC-exHC). Barring All Incoming Calls (BAIC). Barring Incoming calls when Roaming (BIC-Roam).

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General Architecture of a GSM Network

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General Architecture of a GSM Network

Other Networks (Mobile and Fixed)
NSS

NSS

HLR

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

EIR

VLR

AUC
BSS

Base Station Controller (BSC) BTS BTS BTS

Figure A04.02 : Layout of generic GSM network.
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General Architecture of a GSM Network

Mobile station: (MS)

Communicates the information with the user. Modulates the information to the transmission protocols of the air interface to communicate with the BSS. Information is communicated with the MS.

Through a microphone and speaker for speech. Keypad and a display for SMS. Cable connection for other data terminals.

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General Architecture of a GSM Network

MS has two elements:

Mobile equipment (ME). Subscriber identity module (SIM).

SIM carries every users personal information. SIM contains a PIN number as a security mechanism.

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General Architecture of a GSM Network

Base Station Sub system (BSS)

BSS subsystem comprises BTS & BSC BTS (Base Station):

Is the physical equipment, which provides radio coverage to a geographical area. Components include a transmitter, a receiver, and a signaling equipment.

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General Architecture of a GSM Network

BSC (Base Station Controller):

Manages the radio resources for one or more base stations. Interfaces with the Main Switching Center (MSC). Manages radio channel setup, and handovers. Controls Radio Frequency power levels in Base Stations.

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General Architecture of a GSM Network

Network and switching subsystem: (NSS)

Comprises of Mobile Switching Center (MSC). Network databases.

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General Architecture of a GSM Network

Mobile Switching Center (MSC):

Operates all switching functions for the mobiles within its jurisdiction. Interface between mobile Network and other Network (including fixed). Manages the location of mobiles. Switches calls. Manages security features.

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General Architecture of a GSM Network

Controls handover between different Base Station Controllers. Resource management. Interworks with and manages network databases. Collects call billing data and sends to billing system.

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General Architecture of a GSM Network

Network databases

Home Location Register (HLR)

Contains all the subscriber information for the purposes of call control, and location determination.

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

A temporary storage while the particular subscriber is located in the geographical area controlled by the MSC.

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General Architecture of a GSM Network

Authentication Center (AUC)

Protected database that stores the security information for each subscriber.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

List of all valid mobile equipment on the network. keeps the international mobile identity (IMEI) of the terminal type.

HLR and VLR together with MSC provides the call routing and roaming capabilities of GSM.

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General Architecture of a GSM Network

BSC
MS

VLR MSC EIR HLR AUC VLR

BTS
MS

BSS BSC BTS Um Abis

MSC

MS

OMC

GMSC ISDN PSTN

Radio interface

Figure A04.03 : Network elements and interfacing.

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Channel Concepts In GSM

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Channel Concepts In GSM

Channel concepts:

In GSM 900 band, there are 124 carriers. In GSM 1800 band, there are 374 carriers. In GSM 1900 band, there are 299 carriers. The carrier separation in the above bands are 200 kHz.

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Channel Concepts In GSM

Each carrier is divided into 8 timeslots (TS). Each timeslot (TS) is referred as physical channel. Physical channels are further divided into different logical channels. Logical channels are separated into two categories:

Traffic Channels. Signaling channels.

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Channel Concepts In GSM

Traffic channels (TCH) carry speech and data traffic. There are two types of Traffic channels:

Full Rate Channel (TCH/F) at the gross rate of 22.8 kbits/sec. Half Rate Channel (TCH/H) at the rate of 11.4 kbits/sec.

TCH/F carries user speech at 13 kbps and data at 9.6 kbps,4.8 kbps and 2.4 kbps. User data rates for the TCH/H are 4.8 kbps and 2.4 kbps.

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Channel Concepts In GSM

Signaling Channels are divided into three categories:

Broadcast Channels. Common Control Channels. Dedicated Control Channel.

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Channel Concepts In GSM

Broadcast Channels (BCH):

These channels are transmitted down link only. Helps the MS to tune always to the current network. Acts like the light from a light house for the MS. Three types of Broadcast channels available in GSM: Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH). Synchronization Channel (SCH). Broadcast Control Channels (BCCH).

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Channel Concepts In GSM

Common Control Channels (CCCH):

Point to multipoint bi-directional channels. Used to establish connections between MS and BS. Before a DCCH is assigned to a MS. Three types of Common Control channels available: Paging Channel (PCH). Random Access Channel (RACH). Access Grant Channel (AGCH).

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Channel Concepts In GSM

Dedicated control Channel:

Used for call set up procedure. Used for signaling and control after call. Establishment. Also used for SMS transmission. Four types of Dedicated control channel available: Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH). Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH). Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH). Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH).

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Channel Concepts In GSM

960 MHz Frequency Downlink 124 Channels

12 Time Uplink 1 124 Channels

935 MHz 915 MHz Frequency

12 Time 1

890 MHz

Figure A04.04 : GSM frequency/time slots.

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Channel Concepts In GSM

Fr eq (M ue H nc z) y
960 935 915

downlink uplink

935 960 MHz 124 channels (200 kHz) 890 915 MHz 124 channels (200 kHz)

890

time GSM TDMA frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4.165 ms

GSM time-slot (normal burst)

Guard space

tail
3

57

User data

S Training S
1 26
546.5 s 577 s

User data

tail
3

57

Guard space

Figure A04.05 : GSM TDMA frame, slots and bursts.

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Channel Concepts In GSM

Traffic channels
Bidirectional Traffic Channel (TCH) Full-Rate Channel TCH/F 22.8 kbit/s Unidirectional Downlink Broadcast Channel (BCH) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) Half-Rate Channel TCH/H 11.4 kbit/s Frequency Correction Channel (FCH)

Signalling channels
Unidirectional, Down-or Uplink Common Control Channel (CCCH) Random Access Channel (RACH) Access Grant Channel (AGCH) Paging Channel (PCH)
Bidirectional

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) Associated Control Channel (ACCH) Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)

Figure A04.06 : Classification of logical channel.

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THANK YOU !

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