ByArushi, Sanjana, Sumit

INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing is the use of computing resources

(hardware and software) that are delivered as a service over a network (typically the Internet). Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

PURPOSE
The basic idea behind the cloud model is that

anything that could be done in computing whether on an individual PC or in a corporate data center from storing data to collaborating on documents or crunching numbers on large data sets can be shifted to the cloud. Certainly, cloud computing enables a new platform and location-independent perspective on how we communicate, collaborate and work.

TYPES OF CLOUD
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
Platform as a service (PaaS) Software as a service (SaaS)

Storage as a service (STaaS)

Security as a service (SECaaS) Data as a service (DaaS) Test environment as a service (TEaaS) Desktop as a service (DaaS) API as a service (APIaaS)

CHARACTERISTICS
Cost is claimed to be reduced and in a public cloud delivery model capital expenditure is converted to operational expenditure. Device and location independence enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere. Virtualization technology allows servers and storage devices to be shared and utilization be increased. Applications can be easily migrated from one physical server to another. Multitenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for: 1. 2.

Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs Utilization & efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 1020% utilized. Reliability is improved if multiple redundant sites are used, which makes well-designed cloud computing suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery. Security could improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored kernels. Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to be installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from different places.

ARCHITECTURE
Cloud architecture the systems architecture of the software
systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other over a loose coupling mechanism such as a messaging queue. Elastic provision implies intelligence in the use of tight or loose coupling as applied to mechanisms such as these and others. extension of the Internet "network of networks" on which it is based. Cloud engineering is the application of engineering disciplines to cloud computing. It brings a systematic approach to the high-level concerns of commercialization, standardization, and governance in conceiving, developing, operating and maintaining cloud computing systems. It is a multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions from diverse areas suchas systems, software, web,performance, information, security, platfor m, risk, and quality engineering.

The Intercloud is an interconnected global "cloud of clouds and an

Knowledge And Integration:Knowledge: More and deeper knowledge is required for implementing and managing SLA contracts with CSPs ,Since all knowledge about the working of the cloud (e.g. hardware, software, virtualization, deployment) is concentrated at the CSP, it is hard to get grip on the CSP. Integration: Integration with equipment hosted in other data centers is difficult to achieve. Peripherals integration. (Bulk)Printers and local security IT equipment (e.g. access systems) is difficult to integrate. But also (personal) USB devices or smart phones or groupware and email systems are difficult to integrate. Decreased flexibility:- This is only a temporary problem that some of the current users might have to deal with the facts that their cloud server is difficult or impossible to upgrade without losing some data. Cost:- While in the long run, cloud hosting is a lot cheaper than traditional technologies, the fact that its currently new and has to be researched and improved actually makes it more expensive. Data centers have to buy or develop the software thatll run the cloud, rewire the machines and fix unforeseen problems (which are always there). This makes their initial cloud offers more expensive.

Dependency (loss of control): Quality problems with CSP(Cloud Service Providers). No easy migration to an other CSP. Security & Privacy The biggest concerns about cloud computing are security and privacy. Users might not be comfortable handing over their data to a third party. This is an even greater concern when it comes to companies that wish to keep their sensitive information on cloud servers. Privacy is another issue with cloud servers. Ensuring that a clients data is not accessed by any unauthorized users is of great importance for any cloud service. To make their servers more secure, cloud service vendors have developed password protected accounts, security servers through which all data being transferred must pass and data encryption techniques.

Significant Cost Reduction Increased Flexibility Access anywhere Elastic scalability and pay-as-you-go Easy to implement Service quality Reliable services, large storage and computing capacity 24X7 service and up-time Delegate non-critical applications Outsource non-critical applications to service providers and focus agency IT resources on business-critical applications. Always the latest software Updates are automatic in cloud computing. Private Public Partnership Applications and documents accessible from anywhere in the world, facilitating group collaboration on documents and projects.

Presence of Internet will boost its future: The cloud computing will becomes all the more important with the omnipresence of high-speed, broadband Internet. Slowly but steadily we are getting closer. Even airlines are offering satellite based wi-fi services in flights. No more software updates: Most of the computer professionals loose lots of their time and efforts downloading different versions of software so that they can access the various programs and data with little efforts. Most of the softwares are on the cloud servers so you don't need to down and install for little use. Hardware optional: With the arrival of cloud computing it is no longer necessary to purchase hard drives with large storage capacity, as it can be stored on cloud. So keep the fear of loosing your data away. Entertainment unlimited: As hardware is no more mandatory, so there is no limit on entertainment options. Uploading latest software and buying games from the market is going to be things of the past. In the future, there will be mobile 3D games to entertain your kids. Medical treatments simplified: The future of cloud computing is not confined to entertainment and gaming options as it can contribute massively in the fields of medical sciences as well. As most of the contemporary treatment require computer assistance, as data have to be searched for various things like DNA samples and other biochemical procedures and hence cloud computing is going to play its part in the most of the therapies.

Weather Forecasting: It is believed that with increased level of computing coupled with improved climate models it will be lot more easier to makes weather forecasts. Education for all: With lot of educational institutions offering free course material for everyone over the Internet it is here cloud computing can play a great role delivering education on the doorsteps of learners over an interface. Freedom from Wallets: With the advent of mobile phones the concept of traditional wallets has gone for toss. Now everything right from your contact details to your shopping related needs and you air ticket for vacations to clicking the pictures of happy moments, everything can be done by you smart phone. The cloud has made it possible. It is possible in the futures that you can store all you valuable documents like driving license and voter identity with the help of your smart phone. Paperless society? Yes, it is possible.: You have seen pile of wastepaper in the offices or dustbins full of torn paper. Now these things are going to change. There is no need to cut trees for making paper as we can do most of the transactions and communications online. And cloud computing has certainly a role to play here. Get your location: The location services offered by some social networking sites like twitter in US and Foursquare assist helps people to locate their family and friends. With the help of cloud computing, the locations services are going to be better for sure. A boon to Digital media: Arrival of cloud could be a boon for the digital media. Now independent artists and creative writer can reach to more and more peoples and thus ending the monopoly of certain media organizations.

A new age safety system: With the help of cloud computing, records of cars including number. Driving license and address detail of the owner can be stored on the cloud in case the car is stolen one and recovered by some security agency in far off locations, they can instantly inform the owner of the car. An efficient tool in disaster management: With improved location services the disaster management team finds it easy to help the victims in the time of emergency. As we all know the golden hour is wasted in finding the locations of the victims. This facility will prove a boon in helping those in the need. Most of the times, when an aircraft meets an accident, it is hard to find the location of the wreckage of the aircraft. Now everyone is entrepreneur: With arrival of cloud anyone can turn entrepreneur. It provides easy solution to various IT problems faced by of new startups.

The conclusion drawn from the above research is that we can get the better services than traditional computing with reduced cost with the help of cloud computing. The cloud model will ultimately serve to transform - in a big way - not just government information technology, but IT in the corporate world as well. The transition, however, will take time But cloud computing is one of the best option to implement or enhance the Government services in education, healthcare and social upliftment of the citizens of the developing countries.