Introduction to Networks and the Internet

CMPE 80N
Spring 2003

CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet

Class Information
Class time and location:
Tuesday/Thursday 2:00 - 3:45pm BE152

Class Web page:

http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/classes/cmpe080n/Spring03

Instructor:
Katia Obraczka BE 329 Office hours: Wed 12:30-2pm katia@soe.ucsc.edu
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CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet

Class Information
Teaching Assistant
Ignacio (Nacho) Solis (isolis@soe) Chandramouli Balasubramanian (chandrab@soe)

Textbooks:
No required textbooks. Class notes (posted on the Web page). Suggested references on Web page.

CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet

CE80N Course Objective

To understand both the What and the Why of networks in general and the Internet specifically.

Note: This course is not specific to CE/CS/EE majors. It is intended for a wide audience with little or no prior experience with the Internet, or networks in general.

CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet

Grading
3 Quizes (50%) Final Exam (30%) June 11th. 4-7pm Projects (20%)

CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet

Academic Integrity
Academic Integrity policies will be strictly enforced!
http://www.ucsc.edu/academics/academic_integrity/policy.html

CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet

Pre-requisites
Our assumptions about you:
No computer networks background. No prior Internet experience. CATS account Access to a computer

CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet

Course Outline
Introduction
History, basic concepts, terminology. More, not-so-basic concepts:layering, e2e design, etc.

Physical layer
Transmitting data.

Accessing the medium

Medium access control protocols.

LANs
Ethernet, token ring, wireless LANs.

Data link layer

Reliable transmission.
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CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet

Course Outline (contd)

Network layer
Types of network services. Circuit- vs. packet switching. Virtual circuits and datagrams. Routing. Addressing. Unicast and multicast.

Internetworking
IP. The Internet. IP addresses.
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CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet

Course Outline (contd)

Transport layer
E2E communication.. Types of transport service. Connectionless versus connection-oriented. UDP. TCP.

Application layer
DNS, ssh, telnet, ftp, news, e-mail. The Web.
HTTP. HTML. Search engines. Proxy and caches
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CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet

Course Outline (contd)

Security. Peer to peer.

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Whats a network?

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Whats a network?
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
|A fabric or structure of cords or wires that cross at regular intervals A system of computers, terminals and databases connected by communication lines

A computer network is defined as the interconnection of 2 or more independent computers. [Ramteke,Networks, pg. 24].

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Why network?
Before networks:
One large computer (mainframe) used for all processing in businesses, universities, etc.

Smaller, cheaper computers

Personal computers or workstations on desktops. Interconnecting many smaller computers is advantageous! Why?

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Ubiquitous Computing
Computers everywhere. Also means ubiquitous communication.
Users connected anywhere/anytime. PC (laptop, palmtop) equivalent to cell phone.

Networking computers together is critical!

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Computer Network
Provide access to local and remote resources. Collection of interconnected end systems:
Computing devices (mainframes, workstations, PCs, palm tops) Peripherals (printers, scanners, terminals).

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Why network?
Resource sharing!
Hardware: printers, disks, terminals, etc. Software: text processors, compilers, etc. Data.

Robustness.
Fault tolerance through redundancy.

Load balancing.
Processing and data can be distributed over the network.

Location independence.
Users can access their files, etc. from anywhere in the network.
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Problems?
Security!
Its much easier to protect centralized resources than when they are distributed. Network itself as the target..

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The Telephone Network

Telephone was patented by G. Bell in 1876. For one telephone to be able to talk with another telephone, a direct connection between the two telephones was needed.
Within one year, cities were covered with a wild jumble of wires!

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The Telephone Network (contd)

In 1878, the Bell Telephone company opened its first switching office (in New Haven, CT). Each user would connect to the local switching office.
When a user wanted to make a call, s/he rang to the office, and would be manually connected to the other end.

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The Telephone Network (contd)

To allow for long-distance calls, switching offices (switches) were connected .

Several connections can go through interswitch trunks simultaneously. At some point, there were too many connections between switching offices!
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The Telephone Network (contd)

Thus, a second-level hierarchy was added.

The current telephone system has five levels of hierarchy.

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POTS or PSTN
For over 100 years, the POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) a.k.a. PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) handles voiceband communications. POTS network is well designed and engineered for the transmission and switching of voice
Real-time. Low latency. High reliability. Moderate fidelity.

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Evolution of Communications Networks

POTS network is not designed for other forms of communications (audio, video, and data). About 30 years ago, a second communications network was created with the goal of providing a better transport mechanism for data. In this class, we will study the technology underpinning data networks.

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Data Networks
Components:
End systems (or hosts), Routers/switches/bridges, and Links (twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber, radio, etc.).

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Communication Model

Network

Source

Destination

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Connecting End Systems

Dedicated link

Multiple access / shared medium

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CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet

Connecting End Systems (contd)

Router

Switched network

Router: switching element; a.k.a., IMPs (Interface Message Processors) in ARPAnets terminology.
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Types of Data Networks

Several ways to classify data networks. For example, according to coverage:
Local Area Networks (LANs) typically provide networking capabilities within a building, campus.
Typically within 5-mile radius.

Wide-Area Networks (WANs) span greater geographic distances (e.g., world-wide). Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) span more restricted distances, e.g., geographic regions (e.g., Los Nettos network in Southern California, etc.)
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The Internet

Backbone

Regional

Stub
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Types of Networks (contd)

Classification according to type of connection.
Dedicated link. Shared medium (multiple access). Switched point-to-point.

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Types of Networks (contd)

Classification according to topology What is network topology?
The way network elements are interconnected.

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(Switched) Network Topologies

Star

Ring

Tree

Irregular

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Network Architecture
What is it? Building complex systems is hard!
Approach: Divide and conquer. Split job into smaller jobs.

Analogy to other Engineering fields.

Building a house: digging, foundation, framing, etc. Car assembly line

Basic idea: each step dependent on the previous step but does not need to be aware of how the previous step was done.
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Layering
Layers are the different components that need to be designed/implemented hen designing/implementing networks. Each layer responsible for a set of functions. Top layer relies on services provided by bottom layer.

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Layering: advantages
Easier to design: divide and conquer. Modularity: layers independent of each other, thus easier to maintain, modify, etc. Flexibility: easier to extend and add new services.

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Layering: disadvantages
Performance: incur processing/communication overhead of multiple layers. Some duplication of effort

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Protocols
Set of methods and rules used in a particular layer. Back to building a house analogy:
For example, excavators can use picks and shovels to dig; they can later decide to change and use a backhoe. For the masons, it doesnt matter how the excavators dug the hole

A layer provides services to the upper layer through an interface.

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Network Architecture
Set of layers, what their functions are, the services each of them provide, and the interfaces between them.

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Another Analogy
French user
German user

Je veux aller chez moi. Layer 2

Ich muss nach Hause gehen.

I want to go home.
Layer 1 Fax

I want to go home.

Fax

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Example 1: ISO OSI Architecture

ISO: International Standards Organization OSI: Open Systems Interconnection.
Application

Presentation Session Transport

Network Data link

Physical
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OSI ISOs 7 Layers

Physical layer: transmission of bits between two nodes.
Type of medium: copper wire, coaxial cable, satellite, etc. Digital versus analog transmission, etc.

Data link layer: reliable transmission over physical medium.

Takes bits received by physical layer and makes sure there are no errors. If errors, request peer to retransmit data until it is correctly received: error control. Synchronization, flow control; media access in shared medium.
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OSI ISOs 7 Layers (contd)

Network layer:
Data is received error free by network layer. Main function: routing and forwarding; Also, congestion control.

Transport layer:
E2E communication. Error-, flow- and congestion control end-toend.

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OSI ISOs 7 Layers (contd)

Session layer: manages connections (sessions) between end points. Presentation layer: data representation.
Conversion between different codes. Data compression and encryption.

Application layer: provides users with access to the underlying communication infrastructure.
E-mail, video conferencing, file transfer, distributed information systems (e.g., the Web).
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Example 2: TCP/IP Architecture

Model employed by the Internet.

TCP/IP Application Transport Internet Network Access

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link

ISO OSI

Physical
CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet

Physical
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TCP/IP Protocol Suite:

Physical layer: same as OSI ISO model. Network access layer: medium access and routing over single network. Internet layer: routing across multiple networks, or, an internet. Transport layer: end-to-end error, congestion, flow control functions. Application layer: same as OSI ISO model.

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Encapsulation
Application data TCP header IP header MAC header LLC header MAC trailer
TCP segment IP datagram

LLC PDU MAC frame

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The Internet: Some History

Many independent networks! By the late 1970s: blossoming of computer networks.
Smaller, cheaper computers. Single organization owned several computers.
E.g., each department could afford its own.

Need to interconnect them. Proliferation of LANs.

Pluss: decentralization, autonomy. Minuss: incompatibility.
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The Internet: Some History (contd)

WAN technologies also emerged in the 70s. Aka long-haul networks. Besides links, also used specialized computers called routers or switches. Few WANs, many LANs.
WANs are more expensive. Harder to deploy and administer.

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The Internet: Some History (contd)

Need for a single network!
Interconnecting various LANs. Companies that are geographically distributed. Researchers that need to collaborate.

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The Internet: Some History (contd)

Late 1970s/ early 1980s: the ARPANET (funded by ARPA).
Connecting university, research labs and some government agencies. Main applications: e-mail and file transfer.
Features:
Decentralized, non-regulated system. No centralized authority. No structure. Network of networks.

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The Internet: Some History (contd)

TCP/IP protocol suite. Public-domain software.
To encourage commercialization and research.

Internet as an open system. The IETF.

Request for Comments (RFCs). Internet drafts.

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The Internet: Some History (contd)

Between 1980 and 2000: the boom!
Internet changed from small, experimental research project into the worlds largest network. In 1981, 100 computers at research centers and universities. 20 years later, 60M computers!

Early 1990s, the Web caused the Internet revolution: the Internets killer app! Today:
Almost 60 million hosts as of 01.99. Doubles every year.

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The Internet: The Future

End of growth? Physical resource limitations. Limitations of TCP/IP.

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The Physical Layer

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Physical Layer
Sending raw bits across the wire. Issues:
Whats being transmitted. Transmission medium.

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Basic Concepts
Signal: electro-magnetic wave carrying information. Time domain: signal as a function of time.
Analog signal: signals amplitude varies continuously over time, ie, no discontinuities. Digital signal: data represented by sequence of 0s and 1s (e.g., square wave).

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Time Domain
Periodic signals:
Same signal pattern repeats over time. Example: sine wave
Amplitude (A) Period (or frequency) (T = 1/f) Phase(f)

s (t ) A sin( 2 ft f ) s (t T ) s (t )
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Frequency Domain
Signal consists of components of different frequencies. Spectrum of signal: range of frequencies signal contains. Absolute bandwidth: width of signals spectrum.

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Example:

s(t ) sin(2f1t ) 1 / 3 sin(2(3 f1 )t )

S(f) f

Spectrum of S(f) extends from f1 to 3f1. Bandwidth is 2f1.

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Bandwidth and Data Rate

Data rate: rate at which data is transmitted; unit is bits/sec or bps (applies to digital signal).
Example: 2Mbits/sec, or 2Mbps.

Digital signal has infinite frequency components, thus infinite bandwidth. If data rate of signal is W bps, good representation achieved with 2W Hz bandwidth.

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Baud versus Data Rate

Baud rate: number of times per second signal changes its value (voltage). Each value might carry more than 1 bit.
Example: 8 values of voltage (0..7); each value conveys 3 bits, ie, number of bits = log2V.

Thus, bit rate = log2V * baud rate. For 2 levels, bit rate = baud rate.

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Data Transmission 1
Analog and digital transmission.
Example of analog data: voice and video. Example of digital data: character strings
Use of codes to represent characters as sequence of bits (e.g., ASCII).

Historically, communication infrastructure for analog transmission.

Digital data needed to be converted: modems (modulator-demodulator).

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Digital Transmission
Current trend: digital transmission.
Cost efficient: advances in digital circuitry (VLSI).

Advantages:
Data integrity: better noise immunity. Security: easier to integrate encryption algorithms. Channel utilization: higher degree of multiplexing (time-division muxing).

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