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and obtains its nourishment from it Pathogenecity virulence and potency of microorganism Colonization presence of organisms in body secretions or excretions that does not cause illness Carrier person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent and serve as potential source of infection yet does not manifest signs of disease
Definition of Terms
Susceptible host any person who is at risk for
infection Compromised host person at increased risk, who for one or more reason more likely than others to acquire an infection Bactericidal agents that destroys bacteria Bacteriostatic agents that prevents the growth and reproduction of some bacteria Sterilization process that destroys all microorganisms, including spores and viruses Spores round or oval structure enclosed in a tough capsule
Definition of Terms
Infection invasion of body tissue by any
microorganism Antiseptics agents that inhibit the growth of some microorganisms Disinfectants agents that destroy pathogens other than spores and sterilization
Types of Infection
1. Local Infection- Is limited to specific part of
the body where the microorganisms remain. 2. Systemic Infection Microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body. 3. Bacteremia When a culture of the persons blood reveals a microorganisms. 4. Septicemia When bacteremia results in systemic infection.
Types of Infection
Acute Infection Generally appear and suddenly or
last a short time. Chronic Infection- may occur slowly, over a long period, and may last months or years. Nosocomial Infection are classified as infections that are associated with the delivery of health care services in a health care facility
Endogenous source microorganism causing disease
originates from the client Exogenous source Coming from the hospital environment or hospital personnel. Iatrogenic infection - are the direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures
Chain of Infection
Etiologic agent microorganism
Reservoir Portal of exit from the reservoir Method/mode of transmission Portal of entry into a host Susceptibility of the host
Chain of Infection
INFECTIOUS AGENT
A microbial organism with the ability to cause
disease. The greater the organism's virulence (ability to grow and multiply), invasiveness (ability to enter tissue) and pathogenicity (ability to cause disease), the greater the possibility that the organism will cause an infection Infectious agents are bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites.
Chain of Infection
RESERVOIR A place within which microorganisms can thrive and reproduce For example, microorganisms thrive in human beings, animals, and inanimate objects such as water, table tops, and doorknobs. PORTAL OF EXIT A place of exit providing a way for a microorganism to leave the reservoir For example, the microorganism may leave the reservoir through the nose or mouth when someone sneezes or coughs Microorganisms, carried away from the body by feces, may also leave the reservoir of an infected bowel.
Chain of Infection
MODE OF TRANSMISSION Method of transfer by which the organism moves or is carried from one place to another The hands of the health care worker may carry bacteria from one person to another. PORTAL OF ENTRY An opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host. Portals include body orifices, mucus membranes, or breaks in the skin Portals also result from tubes placed in body cavities, such as urinary catheters, or from punctures produced by invasive procedures such as intravenous fluid replacement.
Chain of Infection
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
A person who cannot resist a microorganism
invading the body, multiplying, and resulting in infection The host is susceptible to the disease, lacking immunity or physical resistance to overcome the invasion by the pathogenic microorganism.
Mode of Transmission
Direct immediate and direct transfer of
Indirect vehicle-borne or vector-borne Vehicle-borne substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry Vector-borne animal or insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent Airborne occurs when droplet nuclei emitted by an
Reservoir (source)
Changing dressings and bandages when soiled or wet Appropriate skin and oral hygiene Disposing of damp, soiled linens appropriately Disposing of feces and urine in appropriate receptacles Ensuring that all fluid containers are covered or capped Emptying suction and drainage bottles at end of each shift or
refuse bags Holding used bedpans steadily to prevent spillage Disposing of urine and feces in appropriate receptacles Initiating and implementing aseptic precautions for all clients Wearing masks and eye protection when in close contact with clients who have infections transmitted by droplets from the respiratory tract Wearing masks and eye protection when sprays of body fluid are possible
Signs of Inflammation
1. Redness (rubor)
2. Heat (calor or color) 3. Swelling (tumor) 4. Pain (Dolor) 5. Impaired function of the part (functio
laesa)
Signs of Infection
Laboratory data
Elevated WBC count Increase in specific WBC types
Elevated ESR
Cultures of urine, blood, sputum, or other
drainage
SOURCE 1. Active Antibodies are produced by the body in response to an antigen Long
a. Natural
Antibodies are formed in the Lifelong presence of active infection in the body
Antigens (vaccines or toxoids) are administered to stimulate antibody production Antibodies are produced by another source, animal or human Antibodies are transferred naturally from an immune mother to her baby through the placenta or in colostrum Immune serum (antibody) from an animal or another human is injected 6 months to 1 yr Many years; the immunity must be reinforced by booster
b. Artificial
2. Passive
a. Natural
b. Artificial
2 to 3 weeks
emotional stressor Resistance to infection Some medical therapies Any disease that lessens the bodys defense against infection
NANDA Diagnosis
Risk for Infection
State in which an individual is at increased risk
for being invaded by pathogenic microorganisms Risks factors Inadequate primary defenses Inadequate secondary defenses
ASEPSIS
Freedom from infection or infectious materials 2 types: MEDICAL ASEPSIS all practices intended to confine a specific microorganisms to a specific area limiting the number, growth and transmission of microorganism
CLEAN denotes the absence of microorganisms DIRTY (SOILED/CONTAMINATED) denote the likely presence of microorganisms, some of which may be capable of causing infection
keep an object or area free of all microorganisms; includes practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores
Sterilization
Sterilization Is a process that destroys all
employed in two ways Gas Ethylene oxide gas destroys microorganism interfering with their metabolic processes. It is also effective against spores. Boling water Most practical and inexpensive method of sterilizing in the home Radiation Both ionizing ( such as alpha, beta, and xrays) and non-ionizing (ultraviolet light) radiations are used for disinfection and sterilization.
Isolation
Isolation measures designed to prevent the spread of infections to health personnel, clients, visitors
Category-specific Isolation Precaution
Strict isolation Contact isolation Respiratory isolation Tuberculosis isolation Enteric precautions Drainage/secretions precautions Blood/body fluid precautions
Isolation
Disease-specific isolation precaution
Use of private rooms with special ventilation Cohorting clients infected with the same
category-specific precautions
Urine
Feces Wound drainage Oral secretions Any other body product or tissue
Standard Precautions
Used in the care of all hospitalized persons regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status
Apply to
Blood All body fluids, secretions, and excretions except sweat
(whether or not blood is present or visible) Nonintact skin and mucous membranes
Transmission-based Precautions
Used in addition to standard precautions
For known or suspected infections that are spread in
likely to handle body substances Gown worn when the nurses uniform is likely to become soiled Face masks worn to reduce the risk of transmission of organisms by droplet contact, airborne routes, splatters of body substances Eye wear protection from body substances that may splatter
HANDWASHING
Most effective infection control measures
Done before eating, after using toilet/bedpan/urinal,
after coming in contact with any body substances, before and after giving care
Running water
Disposable or sanitized towels
Assess the hands Nails should be kept short Remove all jewelry Check for breaks in the skin
running water
Hold the hands lower than the elbows so that the water flows
Apply soap and do the following strokes: Palm to palm Palm over dorsum Palm to palm with fingers interlaced Back of fingers to opposing palms Rotate thumbs in palm Rotate fingers in palm Rub the fingertips against the palm of the opposite hand
container Turn off the water In the hand operated control faucet, use the paper towel to turn off the faucet
Sterile Technique
Sterile free of all microorganism
Sterile field microorganism-free area
Ensure that sterile items remain sterile
Sterile gloves