BENT 3113 Communication Principle

Chapter 1. Introduction 2. AM 3. Single Side Band 4. Angle Modulation 5. Noise 6. Digital Modulation
12/18/12 11
1

Chapter 1

Introduction to Telecommunication
---------------------------------------------------------------------------Outline : - Introduction - Transmission mode - Electromagnetic frequency spectrum - BW - Type of electronic communications - Wave propagation - Limitation in communication system - Information capacity. - Power measurement

12/18/12

22

Introduction to Telecommunications (CONT.)

People need communication

Problem Upgrade the technology??

Traditional method 12/18/12

Modern method 33
3

Introduction to Telecommunications (CONT.)

pictures Multimedia /mms

Save cost/time

Data / sms

12/18/12

Sound / music 44

OVERVIEW ON TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM Telecommunications is all about sending information to, and receiving information from a distant location with using integrated equipments Nowadays we use Electronics communication as integrated equipment The main function of electronics communication is to transfer information from one place to another place Transfer information means : transmission , reception and processing information between two or more location using electronic circuit.

12/18/12

55

Basic Element of Communication

Medium Information

Transmitter Voice Informasi

Receiver

Information

Noise 12/18/12 66
6

BASIC COMMUNICATIONS MODEL This model is supposed to outline the concept of how communications flows between two points.

Source

Channel

Sink

Communications Model Media/ Circuit

The source is can also be called the sender. Receiver Sender The sink can be referred to as the receiver. A message flows from the "Source" to a "Sink" through a transmission path or circuit called Channel .

12/18/12

77

Simplified block diagram of an electronic communications system

12/18/12

88

A detailed model of communication system can be represented as the following block diagram:
Channel/ Transmission medium

Basic Communication Model (CONT.)

Transmitte r

Amplifier

Receiver

Amplifier

Modulator Noise Sender

Demodulat or Recipient

Type of Information Voice, Picture /video, Data

12/18/12 99
9

Modulation at Transmitter

12/18/12

1010

Simplified block diagram of an analog communications system

12/18/12

1111

11

At its simplest, the system contains:

Transmission channel : Modulator : Transmitter :

Physical link between the communicating parties. Transforms the source signal so that it is physically suitable for transmission channel. Introduces modulated signal into the channel (usually amplifying the signal as it does so) Detects the signal on the channel and usually amplifies it (as it will have been attenuated by its journey)

Receiver :

Demodulator : Receives the signal source signal from the received signal and passes it to the recipient.

12/18/12

1212

12

Telecommunication Network
Network Management

Switching (central) Terminal Access Network

Transmission - Satellite - Microwave - Submarine cable - Terrestrial cable

12/18/12

1313

13

Terminal

Is an interface between user (person) and transmission example : phone set, mobile set, TV, PC Include of appropriate transducer Phone set : microphone, speaker TV : CRT screen, speaker PC : keyboard, mouse, CRT, Video Camera : camera, microphone Video Conference : camera, screen CRT, microphone, speaker
12/18/12 1414
14

Transmission Mode
Communications system can be designed for transmitting information in one or both direction.

Equipt A

Channel Media/ Circuit

Equipt B

Simplex, full-duplex ? Sender and half-duplex system. Receiver ?

Receiver ? Sender ?

12/18/12

1515

15

Transmission Mode

Simplex (one way) Duplex (two way two channel) Asymetrix (two way and different BW)

Half Duplex (two way one channel)

12/18/12

1616

16

Transmission Mode
Simplex System : Capable of sending information in one direction only. Only sender can send and only recipient can receive E.G : public address system, TV and broadcast radio. Half Duplex System: Can go in both directions but in only one direction at a time. E.G : two way radio (walkie talkie). Full Duplex System: Capable of sending information in both directions at the same time. Two directional of information travel are independent of each other E.G : ordinary telephone systems, computer systems.

12/18/12

1717

17

Half Duplex Vs Full Duplex

Half Duplex

Full Duplex

Limited bandwidth, Requires twice as much number of wires or bandwidth as a halfnumber of signal channels. duplex path. Each user sharing same User do not have to take bandwidth or wires but at turns. different time. More convenient to use and more efficient in an Used when there is a need for 2-way information flow overall communication systems.

12/18/12

1818

18

SIGNAL
The signal can be represent in two type: Time domain and Frequency domain Time domain Ampl Ampl Frequency domain

Freq(Hz) Time(sec) 12/18/12 f LO f HO 1919

19

Wave form of analog signal

Figure : Analog signals (a) Sine wave tone. (b) Voice. (c) Video (TV) signal. 12/18/12 2020

A 1 t 0 1 1 t Digital signal

Analog signal

Analog amplitude change smoothly Digital data is universally represented by strings of 1s or 0s. Example a signal that may vary between 0 and 15 has an information content of 4 bits.

12/18/12

2121

21

Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum

Communicating the information between two or more locations is accomplished by converting original information into electromagnetic energy and then transmitting it to the receiver station where it is converted back to its original form. This electromagnetic energy is distributed throughout an almost infinite range of frequencies. The total electromagnetic frequency spectrum with the approximate locations of various services is shown below:
12/18/12 2222
22

Speed, Wavelength, Frequency

Light speed = Wavelength x Frequency = 3 x 108 m/s = 300,000 km/s

System AC current FM radio Cellular

Frequency 60 Hz 100 MHz 800 MHz

Wavelength 5,000 km 3m 37.5 cm 15 mm 10-7 m

2323
23

Ka band satellite 20 GHz Ultraviolet light

12/18/12

1015 Hz

Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum

- EM Frequency is a natural resources - Radio frequency is a part of electromagnetic frequency 12/18/12 2424
24

Electromagnetic Spectrum
SOUND RADIO LIGHT HARMFUL RADIATION

VHF = VERY HIGH FREQUENCY UHF = ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY SHF = SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY EHF = EXTRA HIGH FREQUENCY

3G CELLULAR 1.5-5.2 GHz 1G, 2G CELLULAR 0.4-1.5GHz UWB 3.1-10.6 GHz

4G CELLULAR 56-100 GHz

SOURCE: JSC.MIL

12/18/12

2525

25

Wave length of electromagnetic wave spectrum

where

= wave length C = speed of light f = working frequency = speed of EM wave 2626

26

12/18/12

Radio Frequency Spectrum Abbreviation ELF (extremely Low) VF (Voice Freq) VLF (Very Low) LF (Low) MF (Medium) HF (High) VHF (Very High) UHF (Ultra High) SHF (Super High) EHF (Extremely High) 12/18/12 Frequency 30 300 Hz 03 3 KHz 3 30 KHz 30 300 KHz 0.3 3 MHz 3 30 MHz 30 300 MHz Applications Sub marine communications Telephony, data terminal Navigation, telephony Navigation, radio beacon, power line comm. AM radio, amateur, mobile Radio control planes, mobile TV, FM broadcasting, air traffic control

300 MHz 3 GHz TV, mobile phones, satellite comm. 3 30 GHz 30 300 GHz Radar, satellite links Research, radio astronaut 2727
27

Bandwidth

is the range of frequencies occupied by the signal. Telephone speech typically occupies the range 300Hz to 3400Hz BW = 3100 Hz Audio signals analog : occupies a frequency range from about 200Hz to about 15KHz. BW= 15000 200 Hz = 14800 Hz Analogue video signal is signal occupies range 0 to 4MHz BW = 4MHz

12/18/12

2828

28

Bandwidth
Bandwidth signal at the certain position point is not the same -Bandwidth of a channel transmission ?
-

Channel transmission / Media/ Circuit , BW = B Signal A BW = a There will be two possibilities : 1. a>b ? 2. b>a ? Example: Analogue video signal is signal , BW = 4MHz Metal pair line, BW = 5.6 kHz

12/18/12

2929

29

Example For a sinusoid 50 MHz signal, find a. Wavelength b. Period c. Draw wave form

12/18/12

3030

30