Handover

Issue

Upon completion this course, you will be able to: Understand the type of handover. Master handover judgment flow Configure handover data Master handover signaling flow

Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process Chapter 3 HO Data Configuration Chapter 4 HO Signaling process

Purposes of HO

To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS

To

improve network service performance

To reduce the call drop rate To reduce the congestion rate

Classification by Reason

Emergency HO
Timing Advance (TA) Emergency HO Bad quality (BQ) Emergency HO Rx_Level_Drop Emergency HO Interference Emergency HO load HO Normal HO Edge HO Layer HO Power Budget (PBGT) HO Speed-sensitive HO (Fast moving MS HO) Concentric Cell HO

Classification by synchronization

Synchronous handover: source and target cell belong the same BTS
Asynchronous handover: source and target cell belong the different BTS

Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process Chapter 3 HO Data Configuration Chapter 4 HO Signaling process

Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

1.1 General HO process
1.2 Measurement report preprocessing 1.3 Penalty processing 1.4 Basic ranking and Secondary ranking 1.5 Condition of handover

General process of HO algorithm

M.R. preprocessing
OM forced HO Directed retry
1

Edge HO Layer HO
PBGT HO Fast moving MS HO Overlaid/underlaid HO

Penalty processing

TA emergency HO
BQ emergency HO RSD emergency HO

Basic ranking

Secondary ranking

Interf. emergency HO Load Sharing HO

HO judgment
1

Processing program
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Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

1.1 General HO process
1.2 Measurement report preprocessing 1.3 Penalty processing 1.4 Basic ranking and Secondary ranking 1.5 Condition of handover

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Measurement report
Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality. Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level, downlink receiving quality of the serving cell and cell other Serving cell Neighbour downlink receiving levels from the The downlink neighbor measurement cell cells. report of the serving

The uplink measurement report of MS

The downlink measurement report of the neighbour cell (BCCH)

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MR interpolation
Every

time BSC receives a measurement report, there will be an update to the basic rank of the cells. BTS may fail to receive the measurement report from MS. Before the rank-update, BSC needs to recover the lost measurement reports according to Filter Table. If the lost MR amount is within the allowed range, then recovers the lost MR

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How to interpolate MR?

Co ou ns t i nM uR f l o w

M R

M R

M R

M R
M R

Me em a n s t u r e r ro e . p n o t N

M eo e mr a n t s tp u r r e e N o .4 n +

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Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

1.1 General HO process
1.2 Measurement report preprocessing 1.3 Penalty processing

1.4 Basic ranking and Secondary ranking

1.5 Condition of handover

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Penalty processing

There are altogether four types of penalty process (second step of HO algorithm process )

Penalty on the target cell when a HO fails. Penalty on the original serving cell when an emergency HO ( base on BQ and TA ) is performed. Penalty on other high priority layer cells after a fast moving HO is performed. 17 A new HO attempt is prohibited within

Penalty on the target cell

Punish the target cell when a HO fails. This is to avoid the MS to select this cell again in next HO judgment.

Cell A

BTS

HO failure BSC

Cell B
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Penalty on the source cell

Punish the original serving cell when an emergency HO ( due to BQ and TA) occurs. Cell A
BTS

BQ& TA HO

BSC

Cell B
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Penalty on non-umbrella layer

Giving penalty on the other three layers after MS handovers to Umbrella cell by fast-moving-HO. This is to keep MS Back? No way! staying in the umbrella cell and avoid frequent HO. Umbrella
Micro cell
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Penalty on overlaid/underlaid cell

A new Overlaid/underlaid HO is prohibited within a penalty time after an Overlaid/Underlaid HO failure.

Overlaid Underlaid

Do not attempt again after a failed HO!

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Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

1.1 General HO process
1.2 Measurement report preprocessing 1.3 Penalty processing 1.4 Basic ranking and Secondary ranking 1.5 Condition of handover

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Hierarchical cell structure

Umbrella Cell GSM900 Cell GSM 900 GSM 900 GSM 900 GSM 900

GSM1800 Cell

GSM1800

GSM1800

GSM1800

Micro Cell

GSM900 GSM1800

GSM900 GSM1800

GSM900 GSM1800

GSM900 GSM1800

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Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

1.1 General HO process 1.2 Measurement report preprocessing 1.3 Penalty processing 1.4 Basic ranking and Secondary ranking 1.5 Condition of handover

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Types of HO

Emergency HO
TA

HO BQ HO interference HO Rx_Level_Drop HO

Load HO Normal HO

Edge

HO, layer cell HO and PBGT

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Ta&bad quality HO

TA HO criterion :
TA

of the serving cell > TA Thrsh.

BQ HO criterion :
The

average value of the uplink quality of the serving cell > UL Qual. Thrsh. The average value of the downlink quality of the serving cell > DL Qual. Thrsh.

Requirements on the target cell

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Rx_level_drop HO

Rx_Level_Drop HO
Due

to downlink signal level drop Triggered upon detecting rapid level drop during MS busy mode.

Requirements for the target cell:

The

target cell is the first cell in the neighbor cell list.

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Interference HO

Interference HO (DL&UL) :
When

the receiving level > receiving threshold level. But Receiving quality < threshold of quality interference. target cell is in the cell list.

Requirements for the target cell:

The

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Cell load HO

Cell Load HO Criterions :

System

load of BSC < Permissible load of HO threshold Load of serving cell > Load HO threshold

Requirements for the target cell

Load

of target cell < Load HO threshold BTS

BSC

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Edge HO

Edge HO Criterion:
In

N seconds, when there are P seconds that neighbor cells DL or MSs UL signal level is lower than the Edge HO threshold. Then the criterion is met and Edge HO occurs. This method utilizes the P/N rule. target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
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Requirements for the target cell:

The

Layer HO

Layer HO criterions:
Serving

cell :

No requirement.

Target

cell :

Layer of the target cell is lower than the serving cell. Receive level of the target cell > layer cell threshold + layer cell hysteresis. Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell. The priority of target cell should be higher than the serving cells.
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Pbgt ho

PBGT HO Criterions :
Target

cells path loss is smaller than the serving cells path loss by the PBGT threshold value. Satisfying the P/N rule. Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.

Note :
PBGT

HO can only occur between same-

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Fast-moving HO

When the serving cell is micro cell :

When

the MS has traveled through P numbers of cell, and there are Q (=<P) numbers of cell that the MS has traveled in high speed, the criteria is satisfied. MS will be handed over to umbrella cell.
the MS is traveling high speed in umbrella cell, a greater penalty can be given to the micro cell for a duration of time (penalty 33 time). In this way, the MS will not use the

When the serving cell is umbrella cell :

When

Overlaid/underlaid cell
Assume, 6TRX in one cell, one CDU and one SCU are adopted Where can we configure BCCH CH? CDU or SCU?

SCU
TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX

Antenna

Antenna
CDU
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Overlaid/underlaid cell

Purpose
Maximize

coverage area Reduce interference and improve frequency reuse density

Construct method
Different

combiner loss Decrease the power of TRX By HO parameter, it is called IUO

Classify

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How to allocate SDCCH/TCH?

SDCCH
SDCCH

are always allocated in Underlaid Layer is allocated according the transmission delay of access burst

TCH
The TA

receiving level

They

are included in MR of SDCCH CH on uplink reported by BTS

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Factor of handover between under/overlaid

Normal Underlaid/Overlaid
Receiving

level Time Advance Quality

Enhanced Underlaid/Overlaid
Receiving

level Time Advance Quality Traffic Load of Underlaid

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Normal overlaid/underlaid HO :
Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS downlink receive level ,TA value and quality.

underlaid

overlaid
The quality boundary is elided in this figure
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Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process Chapter 3 HO Data Configuration Chapter 4 HO Signaling process

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Chapter 4 HO Signaling process

1.1 Intra BSC Handover 1.2 Intra MSC Handover 1.3 Inter MSC Handover

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Intra-bsc handover signaling process BTS2 M

S BTS1 BSC
MS
Measurement Report from MS Channel_Active
Channel_Active ACK

MSC

HANDOVER COMMAND Handover Access

Handover_Detect PHY INFO PHY INFO First SABM

Establish_IND

Handover Complete Handover_Performed

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Intra-bsc handover signaling process

Attention
In

asynchronous HO, if MS could not reach the new TCH channel after the target cell has sent PHY INFO up to max times, the target cell reports CONN FAIL IND to BSC with the reason: HO access failure. After the above message is received, BSC release the assigned TCH channel in the target cell . Max resend times of physical 42 information*Radio link connection timer >

Intra-bsc handover signaling process

MS

BTS (Original)

BSC

BTS (Target)

MSC

Measurement Report Measurement Report

Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers

Channel_Activate T12++ Attempted incoming internal inter cell handoversT09++ Channel_Activate ACK Handover Command (Old FACCH) Handover Access (New FACCH)

Handover Complete (New FACCH) T10++

Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers

T13++ Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers RF Channel Release Handover Performed

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Measurement points of intra BSC handover

Handover formula definition

Internal

inter cell radio handover success rate =(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers) / (Incoming internal inter cell handovers + Outgoing internal inter cell handovers ) Internal inter cell handover success rate =(Successful incoming internal inter

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Chapter 4 HO Signaling process

1.1 Intra BSC Handover 1.2 Intra MSC Handover 1.3 Inter MSC Handover

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Intra-MSC HO Signaling process

MS

BTS(original)

BSC1

MSC

BSC2

BTS (Target)

Measurement Report Measurement Report Attempted outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers Handover Required Handover Request
Attempted incoming interBSC inter cell handovers

Channel_Active Channel_Active_ACK

Handover_Request_ACK Handover Command Handover Access Handover Detect Handover Complete

Successful incoming inter BSC handovers Successful outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers

Handover Complete

Clear Command (HO Successful)

RF Channel Release Clear Complete

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Chapter 4 HO Signaling process

1.1 Intra BSC Handover 1.2 Intra MSC Handover 1.3 Inter MSC Handover

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Signaling process between MSC

MS BSC-A MSC-A MSC-B
MAP_Prepare_HO

VLR-B

BSC-B

MS

HO-REQUIRED

MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM MAP_Send_HO_Repor t MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK HO-REQUEST

MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK
IAI

HO-REQUEST-ACK

HO-Command

ACM

HO-Access MAP_Process_Access_Signalling HO-Complete MAP_Send_End_Signal Clear-Command Clear-Complete MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK

Some intermediate steps are omitted

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Signaling process between MSC

MS BSC-A MSC-A MSC-B
MAP_Prepare_HO

VLR-B

BSC-B

MS

HO-REQUIRED

MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM MAP_Send_HO_Repor t MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK HO-REQUEST

MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK
IAI

HO-REQUEST-ACK

HO-Command

ACM

HO-Access MAP_Process_Access_Signalling HO-Complete MAP_Send_End_Signal Clear-Command Clear-Complete MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK

Some intermediate steps are omitted

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Inter-msc HO signaling process

Signaling process Abnormal conditions

The

following conditions will cause HO failure

MSC-B fails to identify the target cell. MSC-B does not allow HO to the indicated target cell. The target cell has no channel available. VLR-B has no HO number available. HO error or unsuitable data.

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Inter MSC hosubsequent HO process

Roaming MS MSCa BSS2 Radio transmission signal measurement HO REQUIRED (target cell table) Perform subsequent HO(MAP) (target cell ID, serving cell ID, MSC number) E MSCb MSCb' VLRb VLRb' BSS2' MS

Perform HO (target cell ID, serving cell ID, channel type)

HO REQUEST (PCM&Channel type) HO REQUEST ACKNOWLmargin (including New TCH number and HO number) Allocate HO number

Send HO report(HON) Radio channel ack. (MAP) (includes New TCH number and HON) IAI
ACM Subsequent HO ack. HO COMMAND Send end signal (MAP) ANS End signal (MAP) CLEAR COMMAND CLEAR COMPLETE Release HO report Release HON HO DETECT HO COMPLETE

Release (TUP)

Cut physical connection between MSCa and MSCb

~ ~

End signal (MAP) Release (TUP/ISUP)

~ ~

Release HON Cut physical connection between MSCAa and MSCb'

Release HO report

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Inter MSC hosubsequent HO process

Subsequent HO
MSC-A MSC-B
MSC-C

MSC-C

Highway

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Inter MSC HO signaling process

Statistics countersame as Intra MSC HO, Statistics is handled by BSC HO formula-- same as Intra MSC HO

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Major differences

There is no HO request information for intra-BSC HO, and all of the HO are analyzed and processed in BSC. Once the target cell as required is found in the BSC, Channel activation information is sent to it directly. When the target cell is not in the same BSC, BSC reports CGI numbers of the serving cell and target cell, and HO cause to MSC through Ho-Required. When MSC finds
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Major differences

Inter BSC HO transfers HO-REQ message through MSC, with CGI of the serving cell and target cell carried in the message. Intra BSC HO does not have any CGI in any messages, it is handled inside BSC. Intra BSC HO only sends HO-Performed to MSC upon completion of HO, and MSC is not involved before that time.

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Summary
Summary

In this course, we have learned: Classify of handover Judgment and Ranking step Handover Data Configuration Handover signaling Flow
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