ENCOUNTER WITH THE WEST

Prepared by: Roxanne P. De Vera

The Coming of the Spaniards

They came to the Orient because of:

Stories told by Christian crusaders of Europe, who went to the Holy Land to reclaim it from the Muslims Spices Silk Fruits Persian rugs Perfumes Precious stones

Commercial rivalry led to European expeditions to Asia. Venetians(Monopoly) vs. Spaniards & Portuguese

Trade Routes

Northern Route
Central Asia-Samarkand and BokharaCaspian & Black sea-Constantinople in Mediterranean

Central Route
Malacca-Indian Ocean & Indian portsPersian gulf-Baghdad & ConstantinopleCairo

Southern Route
Malacca-Indian Ocean-Indian Ports-Red Sea-Cairo

1453
Northern & Central routes closed Venetians used southern route with pay (Monopoly) Venetian Monopoly = Portuguese & Spaniards looked for other trade routes

Early Voyages to Asia

Portugal : first expeditions to the East Prince Henry the Navigator = sent Azores (expedition) near the coast of Africa
Instruments for navigation:
Astrolabe Windrose Compass Caravel

Bartholomew Diaz

Discovered Cape of Good Hope & Calcut, India Marked the first time a European country reached the east by sailing around the southernmost tip of Africa.

Christopher Columbus
Discovered North America in 1492 He thought what he discovered was Asia America: named after Amerigo Vespucci who was sent by the King & Queen to explore what Columbus found.

Vicente Pinzon discovered Brazil (1500) Nuez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean (1513)

Division of the World

Sea rivalry between Portugal and Spain Pope Alexander VI issued a bull in 1493 dividing the world into two.

Spain: all lands south and west of Azores and Cape Verde Islands Portugal: continent of Africa

To make it clear, another bull was issued (May 3)

Imaginary line was drawn from North to South at 100 degrees west of Azores. EAST(Portugal) & WEST (Spain)

Sept. 1493: 2nd bull was nullified. (Spain can take lands from the East.

To avoid conflict: Treaty of Tordesillas (June 7, 1494)

Imaginary line was drawn from N to S at a distance of 370 degrees leagues west of Cape Verde Islands. EAST(Portugal) & WEST(Spain) If Spain discovered lands in east, they should turn over to Portugal and Vice Versa. No Portuguese ships shall be sent to lands belonging to Spain and Vice versa

Magellan Expedition

Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal-Spain)

King of Portugal ignored him instead of rewarding him for his services to the crown. Through Don Juan de Aranda (his father-inlaw), he met King Charles I of Spain in 1518. He told the King that he can reach Moluccas by sailing west. He also told him that Moluccas belonged to the Spanish side of the demarcation line according to the Treaty of Tordesillas. He named the islands he found, Archipelago of St. Lazarus

Expedition has 5 ships:

Trinidad (Flagship) Concepcion Victoria Santiago San Antonio

Sept. 20, 1519: expedition left port & sailed southward across Atlantic

Pernambuco (Brazil)

Rio de Janeiro

Rio de la Plata (Feb 1520)

Strait of Magellan

Suthernmost tip of South America

Port St. Julian (March)

Pacific Ocean

Ladrones Islands

Samar (Mar 17, 1521)

Limasawa

Homonhon

First Baptism

Magellan sailed for Cebu because there was not enough food in Limasawa April 8, 1521 : he reached Cebu Rajah Humabon: blood compact April 15,1521 : Mass in Cebu
800 natives Christians Rajah Humabon --- Carlos Rajahs wife --- Juana

Magellan presented an image of Infant Jesus to Juana.

Battle at Mactan
Quarrel between 2 chieftains of neighboring island of Mactan occurred. Rajah Sula asked for help from Magellan to defeat Rajah Si Lapulapu because he refused to recognize the King of Spain as sovereign. Magellan accepted.

April 28 : Battle of Mactan

Magellan was killed Spaniards fled and left Some returned to Cebu and were massacred by natives because some robbed them and some raped their women

Importance of the Expedition

2 ships remained: Victoria and Trinidad Importance:

Ended the Venetian monopoly of the Southern Route Spain became supreme in building a colonial empire Proved that the earth was round Led to other Spanish expeditions to the Philippines Expedition led to the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, with this, contacts between Europeans and Filipinos were established

Villalobos Expedition
Return of Victoria to Spain won admiration of the king and Spanish people. King sent other expeditions, however failed

Loaysa 1(525-1526 ): Fr. Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaysa Cabot (1526-1530) : Sebastian Cabot Sayavedra (1527-1528) : Alvaro de Sayavedra
Reached Mindanao but wasnt able to settle

Spain vs. Portugal over Moluccas Apr 22, 1529 : treaty of Zaragosa

Portugal won by paying Spain 350,000 gold ducats. Another line was drawn from N to S at 297 leagues east of Moluccas. Portugal bought what was rightfully theirs.

1538-1541: king Charles sent Viceroys in Mexico & Guatemala to the East (Moluccas) Viceroy of Mexico : chose Ruy Lopez de Villalobos to command the expedition Villalobos named Samar & Leyte Felipinas in honor of Prince Philip of Spain who later became King Philip II.

After Philippines

Moluccas

Captured by the Portuguese

Died in Amboina (1546)

Sail for Mexico

Later set free

Legazpi Expedition
King Philip sent an expedition to the east however, they should not enter territories belonging to Portugal. Purpose: Survey the trade in and make a report on it King ordered that a new return route from the Orient to Mexico be discovered. King chose Fr. Andres de Urdaneta (pilot of new mission) & Miguel Lopez de Legazpi as head of the expedition.

Port of Navidad (Nov 21, 1564)

Cebu (Feb 1565)

Cibabao (Leyte)

Butuan

Camiguin (early March)

Samar

Bohol

Discovery of a New Route

Fr. Urdaneta discovered a new route which Manila galleons would follow in later years.

Northeastward from the Philippines

Santa Catalina, California

Acapulco

Port of Navidad (Mexico)

First Settlement on Cebu

Legazpi entered the Cebu harbor on April 27 Natives were hostile to them Legazpi explained that they were not the one who maltreated them but the Portuguese. Tupas ( Cebu chieftain), did not believe them & fled to the mountains after settling all houses on fire The image of the Infant Jesus was found and was not burnt

Legazpi applied a Policy of Attraction:

Filipinos promised to be loyal to the king of Spain and Spaniards Filipinos promised to help in any battle against the enemy and Spaniards promised to protect Filipinos. Filipino Criminal should be turned over to Spanish authorities and Vice versa Goods sold should be moderately priced Armed Filipino is not allowed to enter a Spanish settlement Because of these things, there was peace and order in cebu at that time.

Tupas and other cebu chieftains donated land for spanish settlement. A fort was constructed here (Fort San Pedro) Initially, the spanish settlement was called SAN MIGUEL => City of the most Holy Name of Jesus.

The Settlement in Panay

Legazpi encounted many problems in Cebu a. (men refused to work) He acted justly and punished all those who refused to cooperate. b. Conspiracy to seize the ship San Pablo - leader was beheaded - conspirators were arrested - rest were pardoned c. Faced hostility of the portugese.

Gonzalo de Pereira, blockading cebu in order to starve the spaniards. Because of these problems, Legazpi moved to Panay where he found the 2nd spanish settlement.

First Spanish Voyage to MAnila

Legazpi sent small expeditions to other islands. Juan de Slacedo : North

Talim island-lubang island-outer rim of Manila Bay-Panay

Voyage to Manila bay, Spanish forces were divided into 2:

Headed by Martin de Goiti Commanded by Salcedo

Manila = Prosperous Manila Kingdom

Ruled by Rajah Sulayman South of Pasig River On May 24, Goiti fired a cannon shot to recall a boat sent on an errand. But they misinterpreted by Sulayman and fired shots from their Lantaka (native cannons). Sulayman was defeated and left Manila in the hands of the enemy. Goiti did not stay in Manila, he returned to Panay.

Founding of Manila

Legazpi: first governor general of the Philippines Because of scarcity in Panay, they left for Manila on Apr. 20 Sulayman ordered his people to burn down their houses and retreat to the interior. He also gathered forces to fight in the Battle of Bangkusay in Tondo. They were defeated & Legazpi took over Manila in 1571

Manila at that time was in ruins so Legazpi ordered his men to build new houses, Church for missionaries and a big house as the governors official residence June 24, 1571: Manila as the capital of Philippines. (Distinguised & ever loyal city according to King Philip II)

Expeditions to Other Parts of Luzon

Legazpis grandson: towns south of Manila Slacedo: Taytay, Cainta and Rizal 1572, he went to N. luzon (zambales, Pangasinan & Ilocos)

In Vigan, Salcedo founded the town of Villa Fernandina, in honor of Prince Fernando, the first born son of King Philip II.

He proceed to N.E. coast of LuzonPacific coast of Quezon Province-Polillo Island-Manila Miguel Lopez de Legazpi died in Manila on Aug. 20, 1572