Protection and Control

SALMAN ZAFAR 12F-MS-EE-37

Automation Ready Switchgear

switchgear is the combination of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment.

Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults downstream. This type of equipment is important because it is directly linked to the reliability of the electricity supply.

Automation Ready Switch Gear(ARD)

Automation ready device (ARD) This refers

to an automation pre-pared device that has been fully populated with all the necessary control equipment to allow it to operate in a DA scheme as specied by the customer (correct protocols for the communications media specied)
It will also be protection prepared if required to

operate independently within the network (i.e. recloser).

AUTOMATION READY SWITCHGEAR FA BUILDING BLOCKS

By

merging together primary and secondary protective devices we produce an automation ready switchgear (ARD), and this is achieved in a number of ways:-

By adding an actuator and control cabinet to Existing Switch gear. 2. By directly getting a intelligent switchgear from manufacture, Mainly for new installations.
1.

AUTOMATION READY SWITCHGEAR FA BUILDING BLOCKS

A building block can be dened as a group of

components each of which has been tested in isolation and is known to function correctly, that have been grouped into a single assembly, which has then been tested to function correctly as the single assembly. The most common building block within extended control is the switchgear building block, whose purpose is to control a switching device. The generic diagram is given in following figure, and each component has a number of options

AUTOMATION READY SWITCHGEAR FA BUILDING BLOCKS

AUTOMATION READY SWITCHGEAR FA BUILDING BLOCKS

The following options are used in formatting a

building block for Automation Ready Switch gear (ARD).

1.
2. 3. 4.

5.
6. 7.

Switch Options RTU Options Actuator Options CT/VT Options Communication Options FPI Options Battery Options

Coordination of Building Block Interfaces

Interface No. 1 2 3 Interface B/W AND Battery RTU Switch Comms Comms Comms Coordination Needed at Interface Location Battery Voltage and capacity must be suitable for Comms devices. Check RTU Protocol can be carried by Comms device. Need to locate the coupling Equipment.

4
5 6 7 8

RTU
FPI CT VT Drive

Battery
Battery Battery Battery Battery

Battery ,Voltage and capacity must be suitable for RTU.

Battery ,Voltage and capacity must be suitable for FPI. Current Sensor Will need Auxiliary Supply. VT output must be suitable for battery charger. Battery Voltage and capacity must be suitable.

Coordination of Building Block Interfaces

Interface No. Interface B/W AND Coordination Needed at Interface Location

9
10 11 12 13 14

FPI
CT VT Drive RTU CT

RTU
RTU RTU RTU Switch FPI

Check Electrical Connections.

Check Electrical Connections for Current Sensor. Check output Of VT. Check RTU Control output Contracts. Switch does not affect RTU Control. Check Compatibility b/w CT Output and FPI Input.

15 16
17

VT CT
CT

FPI VT
Switch

VT may be needed with FPI. Applicable only if combined voltage and current sensor is used.
CT has to be Physically located with in electrical parts of switch.

Interfacing With Building Blocks

The Interface between above described components

is necessary for proper operation for ARD.

Comms Battery RTU FPI CT VT Drive Switch Comms Battery RTU FPI CT VT Drive Switch No 1 2 No No No No 3 1 No 4 5 6 7 8 No 2 4 No 9 10 11 12 13 No 5 9 No 14 15 No No No 6 10 14 No 16 No 17 No 7 11 15 16 No No 18 No 8 12 No No No No 19 3 No 13 No 17 18 19 No

Examples Of Building Blocks

We have seen that there are a number of variable choices in the design

options for building blocks, which leads to a number of individual building blocks. Following table shows the basic building blocks, but these must be supplemented by the choice in communication system and protocol.

And it is possible to identify, from Table , the five individual types of

building blocks that are most commonly purchased by utilities.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Sectionalizing switch with FPI and no measurements, underground systems. Sectionalizing switch with FPI and no measurements, overhead systems Sectionalizing switch with FPI and measurements, underground systems Sectionalizing switch with FPI and measurements, overhead systems Protection-based recloser for overhead systems

Examples Of Building Blocks

Overhead Network Type Of Switchgear Disconnector Disconnector with local logic Circuit Breaker Recloser Without Measurements Yes Yes Yes Yes Underground Network With Measure. Yes No Yes No

With Without Measurements Measure. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No

Typical Inputs and Outputs For Building Block

There are following typical inputs and outputs for

building block:1.
2. 3.

Sectionalizing Switch( No measurements) Sectionalizing Switch( With measurements) Protection based Recloser with overhead System

Sectionalizing Switch( No measurements)

Digital Inputs
1.Local control selected 2.Switch opened 3.Switch closed 4.Earth FPI operated 5.Phase FPI operated 6.Loss of charging supply 7.High temperature 8.Switchgear low gas pressure

Digital Outputs
1.Open switch 2.Close switch 3.Reset FPI

Sectionalizing Switch( No measurements)

Sectionalizing Switch( With measurements)

Digital Inputs 1.Local control selected 2.Switch opened 3.Switch closed 4.Earth FPI operated 5.Phase FPI operated 6.Loss of charging supply 7.High temperature 8.Switchgear low gas pressure Digital Outputs 1.Open switch 2.Close switch 3.Reset FPI Analog Inputs 1.Current phase 1 2.Current phase 2 3.Current phase 3 4.Phase-to-phase voltage

PROTECTION-BASED RECLOSER FOR OVERHEAD SYSTEMS

Digital Inputs
1.Local control selected 2.Recloser opened 3.Recloser closed 4.Protection trip earth fault 5.Protection trip over current 6.Protection trip SEF 7.Recloser locked out 8.Hot line working set 9.SEF out of service 10.Loss of charging supply 11.High temperature 12.Recloser low gas pressure

Digital Outputs
1.Open recloser 2.Close recloser 3.Set hot line working 4.Set SEF out of service 5.Reset lockout

Analog Inputs
1.Current phase 1 2.Current phase 2 3.Current phase 3 4.Phase-to-phase voltage

CONTROL BUILDING BLOCKS AND RETROFIT

We have seen how the control building block is a subcomponent of the

overall distribution substation (MV/LV) or feeder line device building block. This can be very useful when extended control is to be applied to an existing distribution substation the retrot solution. This is because, quite often, a utility has a distribution asset where the switchgear is relatively new and extended control without replacing the switchgear can only be justied. If the switchgear either has a drive already installed (APD) or one can be supplied, probably from the original equipment manufacturer, at a reasonable cost, then the retrot solution can be made by the addition of a control building block. Although the utility may have a wide range of distribution switches that need the addition of the control cabinet, there is clearly a need to minimize the number of variants of control building blocks to achieve the desired economies of scale. A retrot automation strategy can be developed around the concepts described in this section.

Control Logic
Control logic that can be used to operate an automated system by

looking at following figure. The diagram shows two circuits, Circuit A with 1.5 automated devices(because the NOP is shared between two circuits, it counts as half a switch on each circuit, also known as AIL 1.5), which is a very common arrangement, and Circuit B with 2.5 automated devices.

Control Logic
The automation control scheme can be described as being permissive or active. The

permissive scheme will decide that a fault has occurred and recommend a course of action to the control engineer, who would be invited to accept the recommendations before any switching action took place. In contrast to this, the active scheme would carry out its recommended switching actions and then inform the utility control engineer that the routine had been completed.

OPTION 1, CIRCUIT A WITH 1.5 SWITCH AUTOMATION, FPI AND REMOTE CONTROL OF SWITCHES
If CB A opened, the required actions would be Check that CB A had tripped on the operation of protection. Note that for overhead systems tted with automatic reclosing, it is assumed that the automatic reclosing has locked out, thereby conrming a permanent fault. Check that the protection was not sensitive earth fault because this may indicate damaged switchgear. Check the fault passage indicator at Sw A1. If the FPI has not operated, then the fault is between CB A and Sw A1, so we would open Sw A1 and close the NOP. If the FPI has operated, then the fault is between Sw A1 and the NOP, so we would open Sw A1 and close CB A.

OPTION 1, CIRCUIT A WITH 1.5 SWITCH AUTOMATION, FPI AND REMOTE CONTROL OF SWITCHES

OPTION 2, CIRCUIT B WITH 2.5 SWITCH AUTOMATION, FPI AND REMOTE CONTROL OF SWITCHES
If CB B opened, the required actions would be Check that CB B had tripped on the operation of protection. Note that for overhead systems tted with automatic reclosing, it is assumed that the automatic reclosing has locked out, thereby conrming a permanent fault. Check that the protection was not sensitive earth fault because this may indicate damaged switchgear. Check the fault passage indicator at Sw B1 and at Sw B2. If the FPIs at Sw B1 and at Sw B2 have both not operated, then the fault is between CB B and Sw B1, so we would open Sw B1 and close the NOP. If the FPI at Sw B1 has operated but the FPI at Sw B2 has not operated, then the fault is between Sw B1 and Sw B2, so we would open Sw B1, close CB B, open Sw B2 and close the NOP.

Logic For Option 2

OPTIONS 3 AND 4, NO FAULT PASSAGE INDICATORS

The logic for the switching routines can easily be derived from above Figures

but with one major exception. If there is no FPI, then we can only determine where the fault is by some other form of testing, which will take time. This testing could be re-energizing the circuit, after opening one or more switches in the hope of being able to disconnect the faulted section, by closing the circuit breaker, but this will always incur an additional re-energization of the fault. Because this is not a good operating practice, it is stressed that switch control with FPI is always recommended.

OPTIONS 5 AND 7, LOCAL CONTROL ONLY

For these two options, Sw A1 is not controlled from the scheme automation controller via a communication link but only from logic built into its own local controller. This local logic is commonly based on the detection of voltage on the incoming side, in which case the required actions would be Check that CB A has tripped on the operation of protection. Note that for overhead systems tted with automatic reclosing, it is assumed that the automatic reclosing has locked out, thereby conrming a permanent fault. Because of the sudden loss of voltage at its incoming side, the local logic at Sw A1 opens Sw A1. If the protection tripping of CB A was not sensitive earth fault, then CB A closes after a time delay of 1 minute, during which time it is assumed that Sw A1 has opened correctly. The return of voltage at the Sw A1 local controller suggests that the fault might be between Sw A1 and the NOP but this indication is not rm.

OPTIONS 5 AND 7, LOCAL CONTROL ONLY

Sw A1 therefore closes. If Sw A1 has closed onto a fault, then CB A will immediately trip,

causing a second loss of voltage at the Sw A1 local controller, which instructs Sw A1 to open, but now to lock in the open position. We have therefore re-energized the fault once. CB A closes after a time period of 1 minute. To cater for a fault between CB A and Sw A1, the NOP is tted with a voltage detector in the direction of Sw A1. Following the loss of voltage caused by the rst tripping of CB A, the local logic at the NOP will close the NOP after a time period of 3 minutes. If the fault is between CB A and Sw A1, and Sw A1 has correctly opened, then the closure of the NOP will reconnect supplies between the NOP and Sw A1.

OPTIONS 5 AND 7, LOCAL CONTROL ONLY

If the fault is between Sw A1 and the NOP, then the closure of the NOP will re-

energize the fault a second time and cause the CB B to trip, thereby interrupting additional load on Circuit B. The second loss of voltage at the NOP will cause the NOP to open and lock open. The CB B will close after a time period of 1 minute. This method of local control logic has the advantage that a communication channel is not needed for the scheme to operate and, therefore, has some economic attractions. But because it always involves at least one re energization of the fault, for the same reasons as given for Options 3 and 4, it is always recommended that remote control with communications is applied.

SPECIAL CASE OF MULTISHOT RECLOSING AND AUTOMATIC SECTIONALIZING

One major attribute of overhead systems is that they experience

transient faults, that is, a fault, for example, a bird on the line, which causes a circuit breaker to trip out. However, once the fault arc has been cleared, then it is safe to re-energize the line; hence, the circuit breaker is automatically reclosed after a brief period. Following figure shows the control regime of the automatic recloser. When the fault occurs, the recloser opens and waits for the dead time of, say, 5 seconds and then recloses. If the fault was transient, then the circuit is re-energized and no further action is taken. But if the fault is still present, then the recloser will trip a second time, stay open for a second dead time and reclose. If, after this second recloser the fault is still present, the recloser will trip and lock out.

Transient faults and the automatic recloser

Application of the multishot recloser and autosectionalizer.