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radial component.
:
2
C
2 w
C
2 r
C
) ( ,
2
speed tip impeller U C conditions ideal At
r
Centrifugal Compressors
Centrifugal Compressors
Velocity diagrams
Centrifugal Compressors
Considering unit
mass of air:
momentum
equation
blades) ( vanes of number n
stanitz); by : s experiment ( ;
n
0.63
1
1 ;
U
C
factor Slip
w2
<
2
2 2
1 1 2 2
U Work
thus, , factor slip Utilizing
vanes) guide no of case ideal (for
0.0 - T Work
;
r C
r C r C torque T
w
w w
2
U Work
thus, ,
loss) frictional as energy in losses to (due
factor, input power a Defining
Centrifugal Compressors
Thus
) (
1 3
o o
T T
=
) (
1 2
0 o
T T
compressor the across rise
re temperatu stagnation : ) ( Where
) (
balance Energy
1 3
2
1 3
o o
o o p
T T
U T T c
Centrifugal Compressors
1
1
'
'
1
1 3 1
1
3
1
3
) (
'
+
,
_
o
o o c o
o
o
o
o
T
T T T
T
T
P
P
1
2
1
1 1
1 3
1
) (
1
1
1
]
1
+
1
1
]
1
o p
c
o
o o c
T c
u
T
T T
thus vanes, of number increasing
by increased be can ; compressor of capacity work limiting factor a :
compressor in capacity work limiting are both
. rotor in (friction) less : ; diffuser and rotor in ) frictional ( less both presents
c
Centrifugal Compressors
Example 4.1
Requirements are
23 . 4
295
193 78 . 0
1
) (
1
5 . 3
1
1
1 3
1
3
,
_
+
1
1
]
1
o
o o c
o
o
T
T T
p
p
DN r * N * * 2
2 2
r U
Centrifugal Compressors
Power required=
kW T T c m
o o p
1746 193 005 . 1 9 ) (
1 3
.
(b) to find the inlet angle it is necessary to determine the
inlet velocity which in this case is axial;
1
1
e. . C C i
a
.
inlet. at area flow the is A1 where
m equation continuity e satisfy th must
1 1 1
1 1
a a
C A C
Since the density 1 depends upon C1and
both are unknown, a trial and error process is
required.
Centrifugal Compressors
Flow triangles
u2=455.5 m/s
,
_
o o
p
o
T
T
p
p
then
c
c
T T Assume
s m r u
s m r u
t t
h h
/ 273
, / 5 . 136
1 1
1 1
Centrifugal Compressors
Based on stagnation conditions :
3
1
/ 30 . 1
295 287 . 0
100 1 . 1
1
1
1
m kg
RT
p
o
o
o
Centrifugal Compressors
/ 131
053 . 0 30 . 1
9
1 1
1
1
m
A
m
C C
a
1
1
a
C C Since , the equivalent dynamic temperature is
( )
3
1
1
1
5 . 3
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
/ 21 . 1
5 . 286 287 . 0
100 992 . 0
992 . 0
5 . 286 / 295
1 . 1
) / (
5 . 286 5 . 8 295
2
5 . 8
201 . 0
31 . 1
10 005 . 1 2
131
2
1
1
1
m kg
RT
p
T T
p
p
K
c
C
T T
K
c
C
o
o
p
o
p
Centrifugal Compressors
:
/ 140
053 . 0 21 . 1
9
:
1 1
1
1
trial final
s m
A
m
C
checkC
a
a
Centrifugal Compressors
( )
s m
A
m
C
checkC
m kg
RT
p
T T
p
p
K
c
C
T T
a
a
o
o
p
o
/ 143
053 . 0 85 . 1
9
:
/ 185 . 1
5 . 284 287 . 0
100 968 . 0
968 . 0
5 . 284 / 295
1 . 1
) / (
5 . 284 5 . 10 295
2
1 1
3
1
1
1
5 . 3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Centrifugal Compressors
and at eye root radius =136.5 m/s,
Centrifugal Compressors
at root=tan-1(143/136.5)=46.33,
at tip =tan-1143/273=27.65
( c) the shape of the impeller channel between eye and
tip is very much a matter of trial and error .
The aim is to obtain as uniform a change of flow velocity
up the channel as possible, avoiding local decelerations
up the trailing face of the vane .
To estimate the density at the impeller tip, the static
pressure and temperature are found by calculating the
absolute velocity at this and using it in conjunction with
the stagnation pressure which is calculated from the
assumed loss up to this point .
Centrifugal Compressors
thus C
a
, C choice the Making
1 r2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
0.9 455.5 410 /
1.43 4.1
93.8
2 0.201
w
r w
p
C U m s
C C
C K
c
m
A
Cr
+
+
2 2
,
get , we need to get P
0.78, 0.22, 1/ 2 0.11
loss in the impeller 0.5(1 ) 0.11
0.89
c
c
x rotor
To
loss loss
the
Centrifugal Compressors
1
5 . 3
5 . 3
1
1 3
1
2
1
2
(
1
582 . 1
295
193 89 . 0
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
o
o o imp
o
o
o
o
T
T T
p
p
p
p
To calculate density at exit
Centrifugal Compressors
2
'
1
'
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1 2
1 2
1
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
2
&
2
,
2 2
P
T T
T T
T
T
p
p
togetP
T
c
C
T thusT
assume C C
u C
c
C C
c
C
o o
o o
c
o
o
o
o
p
o
a r
p
r
p
,
_
thus get 2.
Centrifugal Compressors
( ) ( ) K T T but T T p p
o o o o
488 295 193 / /
3 2 2 2
5 . 3
2 2
+
ce
T
T
p
p
therefore K
c
C
T T
o o
p
o
sin
488
2 . 394
, , 2 . 394 8 . 93 488
2
5 . 3
1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
,
_
,
_
3
2
2
2
2
5 . 3
2
2
2
2 2 2
/ 28 . 2
2 . 394 287 . 0
100 58 . 2
58 . 2 1 . 1 35 . 2 , 1 . 1
35 . 2
488
2 . 394
532 . 1
, ) (
1
1
1
1
1 1
2
2 2
m kg
RT
p
bar p p but
p
p
p p
p
p
as
p
p
get
p
p
p
p
p
p
o
o
o
o
o o
o
o o
,
_
,
_
,
_
Centrifugal Compressors
The required area of cross-section of flow in the
radial direction at the impeller tip is
2
2
m 0.0276
143 28 . 2
9
2
r
C
m
A
cm or m
D
A
b 76 . 1 0176 . 0
5 . 0
0276 . 0
Computational Design of a Centrifugal Compressor
PROGRAM MAIN
COMMON CP,R,GAMRAT
COMMON VECT(5000,500)
C
C
C OPEN(30,FILE='D:\Dif\GRIDG.RES')
OPEN(5,FILE='C:\CALCULATIONS\Data_PyT10_6.1mps_D50mmFdn.txt')
OPEN(6,FILE='C:\CALCULATIONS\OUT.txt')
OPEN(7,FILE='C:\CALCULATIONS\output data for drawings.txt')
OPEN(8,FILE='C:\CALCULATIONS\OUT2.txt')
C OPEN(30,FILE='C:\Dif\GRIDG.RES')
C OPEN(6,FILE='C:\Dif\Conv 1\GRIDG.OUT')
C OPEN(5,FILE='C:\dif\Conv 1\GRIDG.DAT')
C OPEN(30,FILE='C:\Dif\Conv 1\GRIDG.RES',FORM='UNFORMATTED')
C OPEN(6,FILE='C:\Dif\GRIDG.OUT')
C OPEN(5,FILE='C:\dif\GRIDG.DAT')
C OPEN(6,FILE='D:\Dif\GRIDG.OUT')
C OPEN(5,FILE='D:\dif\GRIDG.DAT')
Computational Design of a Centrifugal Compressor
C
PI=22./7.
EPSI=1.05
SIGMA=0.9
RPM=305.
D0=0.6
DIT=0.4
DIR=0.15
FLOW=14
TO1=300
PO1=100.
EFFC=0.8
CP=1005
EFFIMP=0.89
GAMMA=1.4
R=0.287
GAMRAT=GAMMA/(GAMMA-1.)
U=PI*D0*RPM
TO13=EPSI*SIGMA*U*U/CP
PO13=(1.+EFFC*TO13/TO1)**GAMRAT
TO3=TO1+TO13
TO2=TO3
PO3=PO1*PO13
POWER=FLOW*CP*TO13/1000.
WRITE(6,11)POWER,TO13,U,PO13
11 FORMAT(2X,'POWER=',E13.4,/2X,'TO13=',E13.5/2X,'U=',E13.5/3X,
1'Press ratio=',E13.4//)
AI=PI*(DIT**2-DIR**2)/4.
Computational Design of a Centrifugal Compressor
C
C1=100.
CALL SITER(C1,TO1,PO1,AI,FLOW)
C WRITE(6,12)C1,EPS,P1,T1,AI
C 12 FORMAT(2X,E13.3/4E13.4)
UE=PI*DIT*RPM
UR=PI*DIR*RPM
ALFAR=ATAN(C1/UR)*180./PI
ALFAT=ATAN(C1/UE)*180./PI
WRITE(6,24)
24 FORMAT(8X,'ALFAT, ALFAR'/)
WRITE(6,13)ALFAT,ALFAR
13 FORMAT(2X,2E13.3)
C
C Axial Depth CR=C1
CW=SIGMA*U
CSQ=CR*CR+CW*CW
PO2=PO1*(1.+EFFIMP*TO13/TO1)**GAMRAT
T2=TO2-CSQ/(2.*CP)
P2=PO2*(T2/TO2)**GAMRAT
RHO2=P2/(R*T2)
A2=FLOW/(RHO2*CR)
AXDEPTH=A2/(PI*D0)
WRITE(6,17)AXDEPTH
17 FORMAT(//10X,'Axial Depth= ', 10X, E13.5)
Computational Design of a Centrifugal Compressor
C
C CALL PERFORMANCE(POWER,TO1,PO1,EFFC,GAMRAT,CP)
STOP
END
C
SUBROUTINE SITER(C,TO,PO,A1,FLOW)
COMMON CP,R,GAMRAT
C WRITE(6,102)C,EPS,PO,TO,A1
RHO1=PO/(R*TO)
10 C=FLOW/(RHO1*A1)
T=TO-C*C/(2.*CP)
P=PO*(T/TO)**GAMRAT
C
23 FORMAT(7X,'C',18x,'EPS',8X,'P',8X,'T',15X,'A1'/)
C WRITE(6,102)C,EPS,P,T,A1
RHONEW=P/(R*T)
EPS=ABS((RHONEW-RHO1))/RHONEW
IF(EPS.LT.0.001)GO TO 20
RHO1=RHONEW
GO TO 10
20 CONTINUE
WRITE(6,23)
WRITE(6,102)C,EPS,P,T,A1
102 FORMAT(2X,5E13.4/)
Return
End
Computational Design of a Centrifugal Compressor
SUBROUTINE PERFORMANCE(POWER,TO1,PO1,EFFC,GAMRAT,CP)
COMMON VECT(5000,500),WMAS(5000,500),BETA(5000,500),PI
FLOW=10.
DFLOW=FLOW/10.
WRITE(6,30)POWER,TO1,PO1,EFFC,GAMRAT,CP
30 FORMAT(6E13.3)
DO 10 I=1,9
TO3=TO1+POWER*1000./FLOW/CP
PO3=PO1*(1.+EFFC*(TO3-TO1)/TO1)**GAMRAT
FLOW=FLOW-DFLOW
C WRITE(6,20)TO3,PO3
WRITE(6,20)FLOW,PO3/PO1
20 FORMAT(2E13.3)
10 CONTINUE
C
RETURN
END
Centrifugal Compressors
The Diffuser:
,
_
,
_
5 . 3
1 2
) 582 . 1 ( /
o o
P P
Centrifugal Compressors
Check on Cr2:
o
w r
C C 16 ) 342 / 9 . 97 ( tan ) / ( tan
1
2 2
1
2
Centrifugal Compressors
,
_
Centrifugal Compressors
r
radi
r
r
C
A
m
C check
C Get
0
2
1 -
15 ) ( tan flow) of direction (
2
C
C
r
cm width
throat of width b n A
m A A
th
r th
4 . 4
) ( *
0945 . 0 sin
2
Centrifugal Compressors
Compressibility Effects
C1=150/cos30=173.2
m kg bar p
c
C
T T
p
/ 14 . 1 , 918 . 0 , 1 . 280
2
1
2
1
0 1
( )
239
56 273 149
/ 86 30 tan 149 .
149
053 . 0 * 148 . 1
9
on, check
2
2
1
1
1
t
a
v
s m C vel
C
7 . 0
1020 * 280 * 287 . 0 4 . 1
239
+
M
Centrifugal Compressors
o
o
p
p
vanes guide with 79 . 3
1
3
o
o
p
p
for details see
text book
Centrifugal Compressors
Vaneless diffusers:
N (vanes)<N (impeller)
Centrifugal Compressors
N=no. of variables
M=basic dimensions
Stall
Surge