WAVES

What is a wave?

A vibration or disturbance. SOUND & LIGHT are forms of energy that travel in waves.

Period (T)

A period is the time it takes for one cycle. 1 cycle = 1 complete trip

1 trip back & forth Around and back to the same point 1 wave = 1 cycle

Frequency ()

# of cycles in one second. # of waves in one second. Measured in Hertz (Hz). 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second

frequency =

1 period

period =

1 frequency

Give it a try

A wave vibrates 100 times in 2 seconds. What is its frequency?

100 waves in 2 seconds 100 waves per 2 seconds 50 waves/ 1 second 50 waves/ second = 50 Hz

Give it a try
The Sears Tower moves back and forth at a frequency of about 0.1 Hz. What is its period? = 0.1 Hz T = 1/ T= 1/ 0.1 Hz T= 10 sec

Parts of a wave

Parts of a wave

Crest= High point of a wave. Trough=Low point of a wave. Amplitude (A)= Distance from the midpoint to the crest. Wavelength ()= The length of one complete wave.

Wavelength ()

The length of one wave is measured from a point on one wave to that same point on the next wave.

Crest to crest Trough to trough Midpoint (past crest & trough) to midpoint

Speed of a wave

The speed of a wave depends on the medium it travels through.

Medium is the material it passes through.

Wave speed (m/s)

= wavelength = (m)

frequency (Hz)

What is the velocity of a wave that is 2 m long with a frequency of 10Hz? = 2m = 10Hz

= = (2m)(10Hz) = 20m/s

Types of waves

Transverse:

The medium moves at a right angle to the direction of the wave. Example: Light

Types of Waves

Compressional

A Compressional wave is when matter vibrates in the same direction as the wave travels. These are also known as Longitudinal waves.

Longitudinal:

The medium moves in the same direction as the wave. Example: Sound waves

Parts of a Compressional Wave

Compression: where the wave squeezes or compresses the medium Rarefraction: Where there is space in the wave with no compression.

Type of medium
The type of medium changes the way a wave moves. Mediums with close molecules travel quickly. This is why waves travel better in liquids and solids than in gases.

Waves through air

However, air can still let waves pass at a great speed. The speed of sound through air is 344 m/s! That is really fast!

What happens to a wave when it runs into something?

REFLECT- Bounce off REFRACT- Bend DIFFRACT- Break up GET ABSORBED- Soak into PENETRATE- Pass through

SOUND NOTES

How does sound travel?

Sound is a form of energy that moves in waves through matter. Sound waves are longitudinal waves or compressional waves.

Properties of Sound Waves

Sound waves move out from a vibrating object in all directions. As a sound wave travels further from the object, the wave gets weaker.

How is sound produced?

The movement of particles around a vibrating object creates a sound wave.

Your vocal cords vibrate air molecules. They vibrate other air molecules and so on until the air molecules by the listeners ear vibrate their ear drum.

Speed of sound

The speed of sound in air at room temperature is about 344 m/s.

vSound in Air = 344 m/s

Speed of Sound

If the particles are closer together, they hit faster and the wave (sound) moves faster. Does sound move faster in:

air or water? water or steel?

When one particle bumps another that bumps another and so on, a sound is made. IS THERE SOUND IN SPACE?

LOUD and soft Sounds

Intensity: strength of a sound

Which sound is more intense, an airplane or talking?

Which has more energy?

Intensity is measured in Decibels. Your ear hears intensity as volume of a sound.

Intensity of a wave

The intensity of a wave is shown by the amplitude. An intense sound is LOUD so it has a high amplitude.

LOUD

SOFT

and

sounds

The pitch describes high and low sounds.

A high sound like a flute has a high pitch. A low sound like a tuba has a low pitch.

Pitch of a wave

The pitch of a wave is shown by the frequency. A high pitch sound has a high frequency and a short wavelength.

ECHOS

When sound waves reflect, they make an echo. Sonar uses echo to locate objects under water. Ultrasound uses echos to see inside the human body.

Sound

Sound
Sound is a wave that is created by vibrating objects and propagated through a medium from one location to another.

Sound
Sound is produced by the compresion and rarefaction of matter. Sound waves move through air because a vibrating source produces regular variations in air pressure. The air molecules collide, transmitting the pressure oscillations away from the source of the sound. The pressure of the air varies or oscillates about an average value, the MEAN AIR PRESSURE.

Sound is a Mechanical Wave

sound wave is a disturbance that is transported through a medium via the mechanism of particle-to-particle interaction, a sound wave is characterized as a mechanical wave.

Sound is a Mechanical Wave

The creation and propagation of sound waves are often demonstrated in class through the use of a tuning fork.

A tuning fork is a metal object consisting of two tines capable of vibrating if struck by a rubber hammer or mallet. As the tines of the tuning forks vibrate back and forth, they begin to disturb surrounding air molecules. These disturbances are passed on to adjacent air molecules by the mechanism of particle interaction. The motion of the disturbance, originating at the tines of the tuning fork and traveling through the medium (in this case, air) is what is referred to as a sound wave.

Tunning Fork

Sound cant travel in a vacuum

A ringing bell is placed in a jar and air inside the jar is evacuated. Once air is removed from the jar, the sound of the ringing bell can no longer be heard. The clapper is seen striking the bell; but the sound that it produces cannot be heard because there are no particles inside of the jar to transport the disturbance through the vacuum. Sound is a mechanical wave and cannot travel through a vacuum.

Sound cant travel in a vacuum

Sound as a Longitudinal Wave

Sound waves in air (and any fluid medium) are longitudinal waves because particles of the medium through which the sound is transported vibrate parallel to the direction that the sound wave moves.

Sound as a Longitudinal Wave

Regardless of the source of the sound wave - whether it is a vibrating string or the vibrating tines of a tuning fork sound waves traveling through air are longitudinal waves. And the essential characteristic of a longitudinal wave that distinguishes it from other types of waves is that the particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction of energy transport.

Sound is a Pressure Wave

Since a sound wave consists of a repeating pattern of high-pressure and low-pressure regions moving through a medium, it is sometimes referred to as a pressure wave.

Sound is a Pressure Wave

Sound is a Pressure Wave

Check Your Understanding

A sound wave is a pressure wave; regions of high (compressions) and low pressure (rarefactions) are established as the result of the vibrations of the sound source. These compressions and rarefactions result because sound.. a. is more dense than air and thus has more inertia, causing the bunching up of sound. b. waves have a speed that is dependent only upon the properties of the medium. c. is like all waves; it is able to bend into the regions of space behind obstacles. d. is able to reflect off fixed ends and interfere with incident waves e. vibrates longitudinally; the longitudinal movement of air produces pressure fluctuations.

Check Your Understanding

Answer: E Since the particles of the medium vibrate in a longitudinal fashion, compressions and rarefactions are created.

TRIVIA!!!
Sonar (originally an acronym for SOund Navigation And Ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as insubmarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water.

Terms to Remember!

Wavelength of sound wave is the distance between adjacent regions of maximum pressure.

Terms to Remember! Period It is the measurement of the time between successive high pressure points (corresponding to the compressions) or the time between successive low pressure points (corresponding to the rarefactions).

Terms to Remember!
Frequency - refers to how often the particles of the medium vibrate when a wave passes through the medium. The frequency of a wave is measured as the number of complete back-and-forth vibrations of a particle of the medium per unit of time.

Terms to Remember!
Infrasound - Any sound with a frequency below the audible range of hearing (i.e., less than 20 Hz) Ultrasound - Any sound with a frequency above the audible range of hearing (i.e., more than 20 000 Hz)

Terms to Remember!
Doppler Shift is the change in frequency of a wave (or other periodic event) for an observer moving relative to its source. It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren or horn approaches, passes, and recedes from an observer. The received frequency is higher (compared to the emitted frequency) during the approach, it is identical at the instant of passing by, and it is lower during the recession.

Terms to Remember! Pitch The Frequency of the wave. Loudness depends on the amplitude of the pressure variation wave.

Sound Levels
It is a logarithmic measure of the effective sound pressure of a sound relative to a reference value. It is measured in decibels(dB) above a standard reference level.

Sound of Music
In 19th century, German phycist and an English phycist, Herman Helmholtz and Lord Rayleigh, studied how the human voice as well as musical intruments produces sounds, and how human ear detects these sounds.

Sources of Sound
Loud Speaker has a diaphragm, or cone, that is made to vibrate by electrical currents. The cone creates the sound waves.

Musical instruments such as gong or cymbals and the surfaces of drums are examples of vibrating sources of sound.
The human voice is the result of vibrations of the vocal cords, two membranes located in the throat. In brass instruments, such as the trumpet, trombone, and tuba, the lips of the performer vibrates.

In stringed instruments, such as the piano, guitar and violin, a wire or string is set into vibration. Electric instruments use electric devices to detect and amplify the vibrations of the string. Reed instruments, like the clarinet, saxophone and oboe, have thin wooden strip, or reed that vibrates as a result of air being blown across it.

Perceiving Sounds
Sound Detectors convert sound energy (kinetic energy of air molecules) into another form of energy. In a sound detector, a diaphragm vibrates at the frequency of the sound waves. The vibration of the diaphragm is then converted into another form of energy.

The Human Ear

The human ear is a sound detector. It can detect sound waves, very wide range of frequencies and it is also sensitive to an enermous range of wave amplitudes. Most people cannot hear sounds with frequencies below 20 Hz or above 16 000 Hz.

In general, people are sensitive with sounds with frequencies between 1000 Hz to 5000 Hz
By age 70, most people can hear nothing above 8000 Hz. This affects the ability to understand speech.

Parts of the ear

The ear is divided into three parts: the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ears consists of the fleshy, visible part of the ear called the pinna, which collects sounds and the ear cannal. In the middle ear, where the three bones are located (namely hammer, anvil and stirrup) that transmit the vibrations to oval window on the inner ear. The inner ear is filled with a watery liquid. Sound vibrations are transmitted to trough the liquid into sensitive portions of the cochlea. In the cochlea, tiny hair cells are vibrated by the waves. Vibrations of these cells stimulate the nerve cells that lead to the brain, producing the sensation of sound.