HISTORY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Presented by AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERNG 2012-14 AHMED SYED IBRAHIM MUSTEFA 123701 123708

Electric vehicles have been around since the mid-1800s, were manufactured in volume in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and declined only with the emergence and ready availability of cheap gasoline. First oil discovery 1859, Internal combustion engines 1885

Electricity is everywhere. In one place it lights a factory, in another it conveys a message,and in a third it drives an electric vehicle. Electricity is transportable it can be generated at a low-cost location and conveniently shipped hundred of miles to where it is needed. Alessandro Volta, building on the experiments of Luigi Galvani in 1782, invented the electric batteryhis Voltaic pilein 1800. Joseph Henry, building on the experiments of Han Christian Oersted in 1819 and Andre Ampere in 1820, created the first primitive direct current (DC) electric motor in 1830. Michael Faraday demonstrated the induction principle and the first electric DC generator in 1831.

Battery-powered electric technology was applied to the first land vehicle by Thomas Davenport in 1834, to a small boat by M. H. Jacobi in 1834, and to the first battery-powered locomotive the five-ton Galvaniby Robert Davidson in 1838.
Moses Fanner unveiled a two-passenger electric car in 1847, and Charles Page showed off a 20-mph electric car in 1851, but Gaston Plantes lead-acid rechargeable battery breakthrough of 1859improved upon by Camille Favre in 1881 and H. Nikola Teslas alternating current (AC) induction motor of 1882 and subsequent polyphase patents paved the way for the AC electrical power distribution infrastructure we use today.

By the 1890s, DC power distribution via dynamos had been in use for a decade. AC power distribution began with the 1896 Niagara Falls power plant contract award to George Westinghouse.
By 1912, the peak production year for early electrics, 34,000 cars were registered. Thomas Edisons 1889-vintage electric vehicle was a test platform for his rechargeable nickel-iron battery experiments. Clara Bryant Ford (Mrs. Henry Ford) could have any automobile she wanted, but she chose the Detroit Electric now on display at the Henry Ford Museum.

Camille Jenatzys Jamais Contente (a streamlined vehicle powered by two 12-hp electric motors riding on narrow 25inch diameter tires) went 66 mph in April, 1899a record that stood for three years until broken by the Baker Electric Torpedo in 1902 at 78 mph, and later by the Torpedo Kid in 1904 at 104 mph. In 1900, the French B.G.S. Companys electric car set the worlds electric distance record of 180 miles per charge.

The lessons of World War I were simple those who controlled the supply of oil won the war.
Meanwhile, internal combustion engine vehicle registrations in the United States exploded from one-half million in 1910, to 9 million in 1920, to 27 million in 1930, and slowed by the depression, to 33 million in 1940.

1940 to 1989 : This period included the golden age of the internal combustion engine vehicle and ended up with legislative efforts in states and the federal government regarding oil shocks and a renewed interest in electric cars. World War II Oil Lessons Are Learned by All. They relearned the lesson from World War I: Whoever controls the supply of oil wins the war. Oil was the one resource Japan did not have at all, While Japan lost World War II long before 1945, it learned its oil lesson well and converted to the oil standard soon after the war. More oil had been discovered in Bahrain in 1932, and in Kuwait (Burgan field) and Saudi Arabia (Damman field) in 1938. In 1943, as all eyes turned toward the Middle East with its reserves variously estimated at around 600 billion barrels, the United States government proposed the solidification plan to assist the oil companies (that is, share the financial risk) in Saudi Arabian oil development.

Japan Gets More Serious About Evs : From the Lexus to the Prius to the Camry, hybrid drive is a world-class drive system. From the Toyota RAV4 EV I drove to the plug-inhybrid cars they will inevitably launch in the future, Japan is an automotive power. Throughout the rest of the 1970s all Japans big nine automakersDaihatsu, Honda, Isuzu, Mazda (Toyo Kogyo), Mitsubishi, Nissan, Subaru, Suzuki, and Toyotawere involved in EV activities, although some to a greater extent than others.

With oil and gasoline prices again approaching their 1970s levels, everyone lost interest in EVs, and the capital coffers of the smaller EV manufacturers were simply not large enough to weather the storm. Even research programs were affected. From mid- 1983 until the early 1990s, it was as if everything having to do with EVs suddenly fell into a black holethere were no manufacturers, no books, not even many magazine articles. Individuals assisted by more and better everything during the last wave now had to make do with more modest resource levels.