Data Analysis Using SPSS

Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah

School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS-2

What is SPSS?
General Purpose Statistical Software Consists of three components
Data Window - data entry and database (.sav) Output Window - all output from any SPSS session (.lst) Syntax Window - commands lines (.sps)

Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah

School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS-3

Data Entry & Preparation

Data entry
New or Recalled (SPSS or non-SPSS)

Data Definition

Data Manipulation and Variable Development

Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah

School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS-4

Data Definition
Purpose:
Give meanings to the numbers for ease of reading the output

Involves
Data Format Variable Name Value Labels Missing Values Command: Data Data Definition
Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS-5

Data Manipulation
Recoding
To give new values to old values (especially reversing negatively worded questions) To form nominal variable from continuous data

Variable Development
To form new variables combinations of old ones or functions of old ones

Command: Transform Recode/ Compute

Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS-6

Data Analysis - Descriptive

Purpose:
To describe each variable - What is the current level of the variable of interest?

Command
Frequency Means, Minimum, Maximum, Standard Deviation, Quartiles, Standard Deviation

Analyze Frequencies /Descriptives

Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS-7

Data Analysis - Descriptive

Frequencies for two or more nominal variables
Analyze Summarize Crosstabulation

Means of variables by subgroups defined by one or more nominal variables

Analyze Compare Means Means (Use of Levels)

Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah

School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS- 8

Parametric Test of Differences

When
dependent continuous variable and we want to test differences across groups

Command
Analyze Compare Means Independent ttest/ Paired t-test/ one-way ANOVA

Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah

School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS- 9

Non-Parametric Test of Differences

When
dependent variable ordinal or normal assumption not met

Command
Analyze Non-parametric 2 Independent/ 2 related samples/ k independent samples/ k related samples

Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah

School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS- 10

Parametric Two-Way ANOVA

When
continuous dependent variable and related groups

Command
Analyze General Linear Model Simple Note: Fixed Factor Effect

Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah

School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS- 11

Bivariate Relationship
When
Covariation between two variables

Correlation:
When both are continuous or ordinal

Command
Analyze Correlate Bivariate (with option for Spearman if both ordinal)

Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah

School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS- 14

Regression Analysis
When
To establish relationship between one continuous dependent variable and a number of continuous independent variables

Command
Analyze Regression Linear (Use Statistics, Save options)

Issues:
Assumptions of Regression - normality; constant variance, independence of independent variables; independence of error terms
Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS- 15

Regression Analysis
Issues (cont.)
Outliers and Leverage Values Choice of Selection Method of Independent Variables - Enter, Backward, Forward, Stepwise Dummy Independent Variables

Options
Residual Analysis; Influence Statistics, Collinearity Diagnostics, Normality Plots
Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS- 16

Regression Analysis
Interpretation
Goodness of Model: R2, F-statistics, Adj. R2, Standard error Strength of Influence of Independent Variables: beta and standardized beta

Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah

School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS- 17

Discriminant Analysis
When
Dependent Variable is Nominal and the Purpose is to predict group membership on the basis of independent variables

Command
Analyze Classify Discriminant (Option: Classify by summary tables; Select - for holdout and analysis samples

Issues
Similar to Regression
Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS- 18

Discriminant Analysis
Interpretation
Goodness of Analysis: Hits Ratio - compared to maximum chance, proportional chance and Press Q. Univariate Results: To establish the discriminating variables

Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah

School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS- 13

Factor Analysis
When
To reduce the number of variables to underlying dimensions

Command
Analyze Data Reduction Factor (Option: rotation, save factor scores)

Issues
Assumptions sufficient correlations between the variables (Bartlett test; anti-image, KMO test of sufficiency)
Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia

SPSS- 12

Reliability Analysis
When
Before forming composite index to a variable from a number of items

Command
Analyze Scale Reliability Analysis (with option for Descriptives item, scale, scale if item deleted)

Interpretation
alpha value greater than 0.7 is good; more than 0.5 is acceptable; delete some items if necessary
Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia